SA-213 T91 / UNS N08028 (Alloy 28) Paipu Metallurgical Clad Seamless | ʻO ke kumu kūpaʻa kolo + Cladding Alloy kiʻekiʻe no ka lawelawe mahana kiʻekiʻe a me ka waikawa - Womic Steel

Wehewehe Pōkole:

Paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka metallurgically seamless - core SA 213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903) me ka uhi kūloko o UNS N08028 (Alloy 28 / 1.4563). Hana ʻia ma ka extrusion wela, hoʻopau anu, mālama wela, a hoʻomoʻa ʻia. Hoʻolālā ʻia no nā superheaters paila ultra-supercritical, nā ʻāpana hoʻōla wela ʻōpala i nā mea kanu waikawa, nā paila biomass me ka chlorine kiʻekiʻe, a me nā mea hoʻololi wela kemika wela kiʻekiʻe kahi e koi ʻia ai ka ikaika kolo a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala.

E leka uila mai iā mākou Nā kikoʻī huahana

Nā kikoʻī huahana

Nā Lepili Huahana

Mea Kumu (Kākoʻo)

Mea Kumu (Kākoʻo):SA-213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903) – kila kūpaʻa kolo martensitic, 9%Cr, 1%Mo, V+Nb; mahana lawelawe kiʻekiʻe loa 650°C

Ka uhi ʻana (liner CRA):UNS N08028 (Alloy 28 / 1.4563) - austenitic high alloy (27%Cr, 31%Ni, 3.5%Mo, 1%Cu); PREN 38-40; kū'ē i ka sulfuric/phosphoric acid, nā chlorides kiʻekiʻe, nā wahi ʻawaʻawa

Ka laulā nui:OD 38 – 168 mm; Mānoanoa o ka paia kumu 4 – 15 mm; Mānoanoa o ka uhi ʻana he 2.0 – 3.5 mm; lōʻihi hoʻokahi a hiki i ka 15 m

Kaʻina Hana:Hoʻopuka wela → hoʻopau anu → mālama wela (normalizing + tempering no T91, solution annealing no Alloy 28) → pickling. ʻOluʻolu loa, ʻaʻohe weld longitudinal. Ikaika shear bond metallurgical ≥300 MPa.

Nā Kūlana:ʻĀpana ASME II Māhele A (SA-213/SA-213M), EN10216-2 (no T91), ASTM SB-668 (N08028), EN10088-3 (1.4563), EN12952-2, ASTM E213, ISO 10893-10.

Hoʻāʻo ʻana:100% hydrostatic, ultrasonic e like me ASTM E213/ISO 10893-10, tensile (lumi a me ka mahana kiʻekiʻe), paʻakikī, palahalaha, a me ka hoʻāʻo corrosion intergranular koho (ASTM A262 Practice E) no ka uhi ʻana. Palapala hōʻoia EN 10204 Type 3.1 (koho ʻAno 3.2).

Nā noi:ʻO nā mea hoʻomehana hope loa o ka paila ultra-supercritical / reheaters (650°C), nā paila hoʻōla wela ʻōpala i nā mea kanu sulfuric acid, nā paila biomass/waste-to-energy (chlorine corrosion), nā mea hoʻololi wela wela kiʻekiʻe no nā hydrocarbons chlorinated, nā mea hoʻomehana refinery me ka hānai sulfur / chloride kiʻekiʻe.

Womic Steelhoʻolako i ka paipu T91+Alloy 28 clad - ka hopena hope loa no ka hui pū ʻana o ke kolo wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka palaho koʻikoʻi. Hōʻoia ʻia i ka hana mana, nā mea kanu waikawa, a me ka ʻōpala-i-ka ikehu holomua. Loaʻa piha, mākaukau ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu. E kāhea iā mākou no ka ʻikepili loea a me ka ʻōlelo kikoʻī no ka papahana.

1. No ke aha i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka paipu SA-213 T91 + UNS N08028 (Alloy 28) Clad?

1.1 Ka Pilikia

ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea ʻelua ke hoʻokō i nā koi lawelawe koʻikoʻi loa:

● T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1)Hāʻawi ia i ka ikaika kolo koʻikoʻi a hiki i ka 650°C a me ke kūpaʻa oxidation maikaʻi, akā ua kaupalena ʻia kona kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion i nā wahi acidic, high-chloride, a i ʻole ka ʻawaʻawa. Hoʻouka koke ka condensate gas flue (sulfuric/phosphoric acid) a i ʻole nā chloride ʻaoʻao hana iā T91.

●ʻO ka Alloy Paʻa 28 (UNS N08028)hāʻawi i ke kū'ē kūikawā i ka waikawa sulfuric, ka waikawa phosphoric, nā chloride kiʻekiʻe, a me ka haki ʻana o ka corrosion stress. Eia nō naʻe, he pipiʻi a nele i ka ikaika kolo e pono ai no nā noi paila kiʻekiʻe-kaomi kiʻekiʻe, wela kiʻekiʻe.

1.2 Ka Hoʻonā

●Paipu ʻaʻahu T91+Alloy 28Hoʻohui i kahi ʻiʻo T91 mānoanoa (lawelawe i ke kaomi a me ke kolo ʻana) me kahi papa lahilahi (2-3.5 mm) o loko o Alloy 28 (lawelawe i ka pala). He metallurgical ka pilina - ʻaʻohe hiolo ʻana o ka liner, ʻaʻohe pala crevice. ʻO ka hopena:

●ʻO ke kikowaena T91hōʻoia i ka mālama ʻana me ka ASME Section I / EN12952 no ka mahana metala a hiki i ka 650°C.

● ʻO ka uhi ʻana o Alloy 28kū'ē i ka condensation sulfuric acid, nā chlorides kiʻekiʻe, a me nā waikawa organik, e pale ana i ka paipu mai loko.

●Kumukūʻaihe 40-60% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka paipu Alloy 28 paʻa me ka helu kaomi like.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia hui ʻana i loko o:

●Nā ʻāpana superheater / reheater hope loao nā paila lanahu ultra-supercritical kahi e hoʻouka ai ka pala o ka ʻaoʻao kinoea flue (ma muli o ke lanahu sulfur kiʻekiʻe) i hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia ʻo T91 wale nō.

●Nā paila hoʻōla wela ʻōpala (WHRB)ma ke kumu o nā hale hana waikawa sulfuric - aia ka SO₃ i loko o ke kinoea, a i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai, hoʻopili ʻia ka waikawa ma luna o nā ʻili o ka paipu.

●Nā paila biomass / ʻōpala-i-ka-ikehu- ʻo ke chlorine kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka wahie ke kumu o ka pala nui; ʻO ka uhi ʻana o Alloy 28 ma ka ʻaoʻao ahi (a i ʻole ka ʻaoʻao o loko, ma muli o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana) e hoʻolōʻihi nui i ke ola o ka paipu.

●Nā mea hoʻololi wela wela kiʻekiʻeno nā kaʻina hana kemika e pili ana i nā hydrocarbons chlorinated a i ʻole nā akika wela.

1.3 Ala Hana Hana

Hoʻopuka wela + hoʻopau anu + mālama wela + pickling. Hōʻoia ke kaʻina hana i kahi paipu humuhumu ʻole mai nā humuhumu longitudinal weld, ʻo ia ke kiko hāʻule maʻamau i loko o ka paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o ka luhi wela.

2. Nā Kikoʻī Mea Hana - T91 Core & Alloy 28 Cladding

2.1 Ka Hoʻohui Kemika (% ma ke kaumaha)

ʻElemene	SA 213 T91 (Kumu)	UNS N08028 (Mea hoʻohuihui 28 / Hoʻopili ʻia)
Kalapona (C)	0.08 – 0.12	≤0.03
Silika (Si)	0.20 – 0.50	≤0.50
Manganese (Mn)	0.30 – 0.60	≤2.00
ʻO ka phosphorus (P)	≤0.020	≤0.030
Sulfur (S)	≤0.010	≤0.015
Chromium (Cr)	8.0 – 9.5	26.0 – 28.0
Molibdenum (Mo)	0.85 – 1.05	3.0 – 4.0
Nikala (Ni)	≤0.40	29.0 – 32.0
Keleawe (Cu)	—	0.6 – 1.4
Vanadium (V)	0.18 – 0.25	—
Niobium (Nb)	0.06 – 0.10	—
Naikokene (N)	0.03 – 0.07	—
Hao (Fe)	Kaulike	Kaulike

He kila kūpaʻa i ka kolo ʻana o ka T91; He kila austenitic kiʻekiʻe piha ka Alloy 28 me ke kiʻekiʻe o Cr, Ni, Mo, a me Cu - e hāʻawi ana i ke kū'ē kūikawā i ka hoʻemi ʻana a me ka oxidizing acids, chloride pitting, a me SSC.

2.2 Nā Waiwai Mekanika (Mahana o ka Lumi)

Waiwai	T91 Core	ʻO ke kāʻei ʻana o Alloy 28
Ikaika Hāʻawi (min, MPa)	415	220
Ikaika Tensile (min, MPa)	585	500
Hoʻolōʻihi (min, %)	20	30
Paʻakikī (max)	250 HB	230 HB

2.3 Ikaika Holo Mahana Kiʻekiʻe (T91 Core)

Mahana (°C)	100,000h Kaha Haʻihaʻi (MPa)	0.2% Palena Holo (MPa)
550	150	120
580	120	95
600	100	80
620	80	60
650	55	40

ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka Alloy 28 no ka lawe ʻana i nā ukana ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe; ʻo kāna hana he pale wale nō i ka pala. Hāpai ka ʻiʻo T91 i ka ukana mechanical.

2.4 Ke kū'ē'ē'ana i ka palaho o ka Alloy 28 Cladding

Kaiapuni	Pae Kū'ē
ʻAkika sulfuric (0-80% ka nui, a hiki i 80°C)	Maikaʻi loa
ʻAkika Phosphoric (nā ʻano like ʻole)	Maikaʻi loa
ʻAkika hydrochloric (hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, mahana o ka lumi)	Maikaʻi loa
Nā Chloride (lua / māwae)	PREN 38-40; mahana hoʻoheheʻe koʻikoʻi (CPT) ~50°C
H₂S + CO₂ + chlorides (lawelawe ʻawaʻawa)	Maikaʻi loa; kūlike me NACE MR0175
nā waikawa organik (acetic, formic, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe)	Maikaʻi loa

*Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Alloy 28 ma mua o 316L, 904L, a me 254SMO paha i nā hui waikawa + chloride he nui.*

2.5 Hoʻopili Pili

Waiwai	Waiwai
ʻAno hoʻopaʻa	Metallurgical (hoʻolaha)
Ikaika ʻoki (pahu i waho)	≥300 MPa (e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe delamination ma lalo o ka thermal cycling)
Palena kīnā i ʻae ʻia e UT	ʻAʻohe hoʻokaʻawale >50 mm; huina hoʻokaʻawale <2% o ka ʻāpana interface

2.6 Pae Ana

OD (mm)	Kumu WT (mm)	Ka nui o ke kaumaha o ka uhi ʻana (mm)	Ka lōʻihi loa (m)
38.1	4.0 – 8.0	2.0 – 2.5	15
44.5	5.0 – 8.0	2.0 – 2.8	15
51.0	5.0 – 10.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
63.5	5.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
76.2	6.0 – 12.0	2.2 – 3.0	15
88.9	6.0 – 12.0	2.5 – 3.2	15
101.6	6.0 – 12.0	2.5 – 3.5	15
114.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12
141.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12
168.3	10.0 – 15.0	3.0 – 3.5	12

*Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka OD nui aʻe (a hiki i ka 500 mm) me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻōwili wela + JCOE; e kelepona no ka loaʻa ʻana.*

3. Kaʻina Hana Hana - Hoʻopuka Wela, Hoʻopau Anu, Lapaʻau Wela, Pickling

Hoʻoponopono pono ke ala hana ʻana i nā koi lapaʻau wela like ʻole o ka martensitic T91 a me ka austenitic Alloy 28.

Kaʻanuʻu	Wehewehena	Nā Wahi Mana
1. ʻĀpana hui pū ʻia	ʻO ka billet T91 i hoʻomoe ʻia, hoʻokomo ʻia ka paipu Alloy 28. Sila ʻia me ka vacuum (<10 Pa).	Maʻemaʻe o ka ʻili; kūlike
2. Hoʻopuka wela	1180 1220°C, lakio hōʻemi ≥8:1.	Mahana, wikiwiki, lubrication
3. Hoʻoluʻolu ea	Ma hope o ka extrusion, ua hoʻomaʻalili ʻia ka paipu e ka ea (hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi ʻana o martensitic).	Ka helu hoʻoluʻu
4. Hoʻopau anu	Ka huki anu / ka hele ʻana a hiki i nā ana hope loa.	Nā hala he nui, anneal waena (hoʻomālielie i ka Alloy 28).
5. Ka mālama wela (koʻikoʻi)	Ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana ma 1040-1060°C (ea a i ʻole ka hoʻoluʻu wikiwiki ʻana) + ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana ma 760-780°C. Hoʻokō kēia i ka microstructure T91 hope loa (tempered martensite). I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomehana ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana o Alloy 28.	Moʻolelo umu ahi, hoʻāʻo paʻakikī
6. Hoʻopaʻakai	Hoʻopau ka ʻauʻau HNO₃+HF i ka unahi oxide mai ka T91 a me ka Alloy 28.	Ka manawa, ka mahana, ka nui o ka waikawa
7. Hoʻopololei a ʻokiʻoki	E like me ka lōʻihi hope loa.	Pololei ≤1.5mm/m
8. NDT & hydro	No kēlā me kēia Māhele 4	Ka hiki ke hahai piha ʻia
9. Hoʻopau i ka hoʻopau ʻana	Bevel / maʻemaʻe; koho no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pata (mea hoʻopiha Alloy 625 a i ʻole Alloy 28 ma ka ʻaoʻao bevel).	Ana

ʻAno maikaʻi koʻikoʻi:Hoʻopuka ka mālama wela i kahi ʻiʻo T91 me ka ikaika kolo kūpono a me kahi uhi Alloy 28 me ke kūpaʻa piha i ka pala, nā mea āpau i hoʻokahi pōʻaiapuni.

4. Nānā & Hoʻāʻo - Hoʻokō i nā koi ASME, EN, a me nā mea kūʻai aku

No ka paipu T91+Alloy 28 clad, hoʻokō mākou i kahi papahana koʻikoʻi, me nā hoʻāʻo i kūpono no ka lawelawe wela kiʻekiʻe.

Hoʻāʻo	Kūlana Maʻamau	Ka laulā	ʻAe ʻia
Ka loiloi kemika	OES	ʻO kēlā me kēia wela (ʻiwi & cladding)	ASME SA-213 T91, ASTM SB-668
Ultrasonic (longitudinal & bond)	ASTM E213 + ISO 10893-10	100%	ʻAʻohe kīnā hiki ʻole ke hōʻole ʻia, kūpaʻa o ka hoʻopaʻa
Hoʻāʻo hydrostatic	ASME SA-450 / EN12952-2	Kēlā me kēia paipu	ʻAʻohe leaka, hoʻonui mau loa ʻia
Uʻi (mahana lumi)	ASME / EN	No kēlā me kēia wela (kikowaena)	T91: YS≥415 MPa, TS≥585 MPa
Ka tensile wela kiʻekiʻe	600°C (koho)	No kēlā me kēia wela	E hōʻike ʻia (ʻaʻole nā kikoʻī palena iki)
Hoʻāʻo haki kolo	600°C a i ʻole 650°C	No kēlā me kēia noi	Koho; uku ʻokoʻa ʻia
Paʻakikī (ʻiwi & uhi ʻia)	HV10	Pūʻulu	T91 ≤250 HV; Alloy 28 ≤230 HV
Hoʻāʻo hoʻopālahalaha	SA 450	No kēlā me kēia wela / nui	ʻAʻohe māwae ma ka hoʻopili ʻana o 2/3 OD
Ka palaho intergranular	ASTM A262 Hoʻomaʻamaʻa E (ma luna o ka Alloy 28)	No kēlā me kēia pūʻulu (koho)	ʻAʻohe hoʻouka kaua intergranular
PMI (XRF)	Ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea maikaʻi	Kēlā me kēia paipu (koho)	E hōʻoia i ka papa metala

Palapala:EN 10204 ʻAno 3.1. Loaʻa ke ʻano 3.2 me ka mea nānā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu (SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV etc.).

5. Nā noi ma ke kikoʻī

5.1 Mea Hoʻomehana Hope Loa / Mea Hoʻomehana Hou ʻo Ultra-Supercritical Boiler

Pilikia:Aia ka SO₃ i loko o ke kinoea ʻauwai lanahu sulfur kiʻekiʻe, ka mea, i ka wā e hoʻouka haʻahaʻa ai a i ʻole ka hoʻomaka ʻana, e hoʻopili ʻia ma ke ʻano he waikawa sulfuric ma luna o nā ʻili paipu. ʻO ka T91 maʻamau e ʻeha nei i ka lua a me ka neoneo ʻana.
Hoʻonā:Paipu i uhi ʻia me ka T91+Alloy 28 me ka Alloy 28 ma ka ʻaoʻao ahi (a i ʻole i loko inā ʻelua-hele). Mālama ka ʻiʻo T91 i ka ikaika kolo ma 600-620°C; Kūʻē ka Alloy 28 i ka hoʻouka ʻakika. Ua hoʻohana kekahi mau hale hana mana Kina a me ʻEulopa i kēia hoʻolālā.

5.2 Ka paila hoʻōla wela ʻōpala ma nā hale hana waikawa sulfuric

Kaʻina Hana:Komo ke kinoea hana wela (600°C, nona ka SO₂, SO₃) i loko o ka paila wela ʻōpala e hana i ka mahu. I ka wā e pani ʻia ai, hui pū ʻo SO₃ me ka makū e hana i ka waikawa sulfuric i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, kahi e hoʻopili ai ma nā ʻōmole anuanu.
Hoʻonā:ʻO ka uhi ʻana o ka Alloy 28 ma ka ʻaoʻao kinoea (OD) a i ʻole ID ma muli o ka hoʻolālā. Hāʻawi ʻo T91 i ke kūpaʻa kolo e pono ai. ʻO kēia hui pū ʻana he mea maʻamau i nā hale hana waikawa sulfuric hou he nui.

5.3 Nā paila Biomass / ʻōpala-i-ka-ikehu

Paʻakikī:Loaʻa i ka biomass (mauʻu maloʻo, nā ʻāpana lāʻau, ka wahie i loaʻa mai nā ʻōpala) ka chlorine (KCl, NaCl). Ma 500-600°C, hoʻopōʻino nui ke kinoea chlorine a me nā chloride i nā mea hoʻohuihui maʻamau, e hana ana i ka hao chloride a me ka nalowale wikiwiki o ka metala.
Hoʻonā:Kūʻē ka ʻili Alloy 28 (Ni kiʻekiʻe, Mo, Cr) i ka hoʻouka kaua chlorine. Mālama ka ʻiʻo T91 i ke kūpaʻa o ke kaomi paila. Hōʻike nā mea hana ua hoʻonui ʻia ke ola o ka paipu mai 1-2 mau makahiki a i 6-8 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā paipu i uhi ʻia.

5.4 Nā Mea Hoʻololi Wela Mahana Kiʻekiʻe no nā Hydrocarbons Chlorinated

Laʻana:I loko o nā hale hana vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), loaʻa i nā kinoea hana nā mea olaola chlorinated a me HCl ma 400-450°C. Hāʻule ke kila kila maʻamau (304L) ma muli o ka pitting a me ka SCC. Hāʻawi ka ʻili Alloy 28 i ke kū'ē maikaʻi loa. Hāʻawi ka T91 core i ka ikaika e pono ai a me ke kū'ē kolo.

6. Nā Pōmaikaʻi ma mua o nā Hoʻolālā Hoʻokūkū

Koho ʻē aʻe	No ke aha ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o T91+Alloy 28
Paipu T91 paʻa	Hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka waikawa, ka lua ʻana, a me ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka chloride. Hoʻololi pinepine ʻia.
Paipu Alloy Paʻa 28	Pipiʻi loa; ʻo ka ikaika haʻahaʻa e koi aku i ka paia mānoanoa, e hoʻonui ana i ke kumukūʻai a me ke kaumaha.
ʻO T91 me ka uhi wili ʻia o Alloy 28	He pipiʻi ke kāpili ʻana, lohi, a paʻakikī hoʻi ke kau like ʻana ma nā ʻōmole liʻiliʻi; hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka metala. Hāʻawi ka extrusion i ka uhi like ʻana ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa.
Paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mīkini	Hiolo ka liner ma lalo o ke kaʻapuni wela (maʻamau o nā paila) - ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia no ka lawelawe wela kiʻekiʻe.
Paipu i uhi ʻia me ka Alloy 625	ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o ka Alloy 625 ma mua o ka Alloy 28 a hiki ke kuhikuhi nui ʻia no nā ʻano ʻakika he nui. Hāʻawi ʻo Alloy 28 i kahi kaulike hana kumukūʻai maikaʻi loa.

Mālama kālā:Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka paipu Alloy 28 paʻa o ka helu kaomi like, hōʻemi ka paipu T91+Alloy 28 i ke kumukūʻai mea ma o50-60%(no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o T91, e ʻae ana i ka paia lahilahi, a hoʻohana ʻia ka alloy ma ke ʻano he liner lahilahi wale nō).

7. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo Kūlana a me ka Hiki ke Hahai ʻia

●Ka hiki ke hahai ʻia:Hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā wela T91 a me Alloy 28 ma kēlā me kēia paipu i hoʻopau ʻia. Mālama ʻia nā palapala hōʻoia a pau o ka mea hoʻolako (3.1).

● Ka mana hana:Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mahana o ka extrusion, ka wikiwiki o ka extrusion, nā pakuhi lapaʻau wela, a me nā palena o ka ʻauʻau pickling.

● Nānā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu:Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mākou i ka hōʻike ʻana o SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV, a i ʻole ABS i kēlā me kēia pae (loaʻa ʻana o nā mea, extrusion, NDT hope loa). Hoʻopuka ʻia nā palapala hōʻoia EN 10204 Type 3.2 e like me ia.

8. Hoʻopili a me ka hoʻouna ʻana

●Ke kūlana o ka ʻili:I hoʻomoʻa ʻia a hoʻohemo ʻia - mākaukau no ke kau ʻana. He koho ka aila ʻana i waho.

●Ka palekana hopena:Nā pāpale palaki (loaʻa nā pāpale kila no nā anawaena nui).

●Pūʻolo:Nā anawaena liʻiliʻi (<88.9 mm) i loko o nā puʻupuʻu hex me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale lāʻau. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā anawaena nui aʻe ma ke ʻano pākahi.

●Pahu:Nā pahu he 20′ a i ʻole 40′. No nā lōʻihi >12 m, hāmama ka papa luna a i ʻole ka ʻūpā pālahalaha.

●Ka manawa o waena o ka hoʻomaka a i ka wā pau:ʻO ke kauoha mua he 16-20 mau pule (ma muli o ke kumu kūʻai metala kūikawā). E hana hou i nā kauoha he 12-14 mau pule. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o nā pūʻulu hoʻāʻo (100 200 m) - e nīnau.

9. Nā Nīnau i Nīnau Pinepine ʻia (FAQ) - Paipu T91+Alloy 28 Clad

Q1: He aha ka mahana lawelawe kiʻekiʻe loa no kēia paipu i uhi ʻia?
A: Ua helu ʻia ke kumu T91 no nā mahana metala a hiki i650°C(1202°F) no ka ʻĀpana I o ASME (hoʻomalu ka ikaika kolo). Hiki i ka ʻili Alloy 28 ke kū i ka mahana like, akā hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia kona kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala ma luna o 450°C inā pala loa ke kaiapuni. No ka hapa nui o nā noi paila (600-620°C), ua ʻae ʻia nā mea ʻelua.

Q2: He kūpono anei ʻo Alloy 28 no nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka waikawa sulfuric?
A: ʻAe. Hōʻike ka Alloy 28 i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka waikawa sulfuric a hiki i ka 80% a me nā mahana a hiki i ka 80°C. I loko o nā paila wela ʻōpala, ʻo ka condensate waikawa maʻamau he 60-70% H₂SO₄ ma lalo o 200°C - hana maikaʻi loa ka Alloy 28.

Q3: Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohuli i nā papa - e kau iā Alloy 28 ma ka OD a me T91 ma ka ID?
A: ʻAe, inā mai waho mai ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o ka pala (e laʻa, ke kinoea flue waho). Hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā paipu i uhi ʻia me ka papa CRA ma ke anawaena o waho. E ʻoluʻolu e kuhikuhi i ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ke kauoha.

Q4: Ke hana nei ʻoe i nā hoʻokolohua tensile wela kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā hoʻāʻo kolo?
A: ʻAʻole mākou e hoʻokomo mau iā lākou, akā hiki iā mākou ke hoʻonohonoho no nā specimens subsize i lawe ʻia mai kahi paipu extruded (destructive) ma ke kumukūʻai hou aku. No nā hoʻokolohua kolo i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu, e ʻoluʻolu e ʻae i ka manawa hou (4-6 mau pule) a me ke kumukūʻai.

Q5: He aha ka metala hoʻopihapiha e hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka paipu T91+Alloy 28?
A: No ke ala aʻa (e hoʻopili ana i ke kapa), e hoʻohana i ka Alloy 625 (ERNiCrMo-3) a i ʻole ka mea hoʻopihapiha Alloy 59. No nā ala hoʻopihapiha (core T91 a i T91), e hoʻohana i ka mea hoʻopihapiha T91 kūlike (E9015-B9 a i ʻole like). Paipai mākou i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe kūpono (WPS) no kēlā me kēia hui kahua; Hiki iā Womic ke hāʻawi i kahi laʻana WPS ma ke noi.

Q6: Ke kū nei ka ʻili Alloy 28 iā NACE MR0175 no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa?
ʻAe. Ua helu ʻia ʻo Alloy 28 (UNS N08028) ma NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 no ka mahana a hiki i ka 450°C ma nā wahi ʻawaʻawa. He kūpaʻa ia i ka SSC a me HIC. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaomi hapa H₂S kiʻekiʻe.

Q7: Loaʻa anei ka paipu i uhi ʻia me nā wēlau beveled a me ka pata CRA?
ʻAe. ʻO ke kihi bevel maʻamau he 30-35° me ka pae ʻana he 1.6 mm. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopili i kahi papa pata (Alloy 28 a i ʻole Alloy 625) ma ka ʻaoʻao bevel, ma kahi o 2-3 mm ka mānoanoa, e pale aku i ka dilution o ka cladding i ka wā o ka wili ʻana ma ke kahua.

Q8: He aha ka OD maʻamau a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia no nā paipu paila biomass?
A: ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o OD 51-76 mm, ke kaumaha o ke kumu 5-8 mm, ka uhi ʻana he 2-2.5 mm. E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻokaʻaʻike mai iā mākou me kāu mau pono kikoʻī.

Q9: He mea hopohopo anei ka ʻohi ʻana o ke kalapona mai T91 i loko o Alloy 28 i ka wā o ka extrusion?
A: ʻAʻole. Hoʻokumu ke kaʻina hana extrusion i kahi ʻāpana hoʻolaha haiki loa (maʻamau 5-10 μm). Noho ka hui ʻana o Alloy 28 i loko o nā kikoʻī; hōʻoia mākou e PMI. He mea liʻiliʻi ka pilikia o ka sensitization.

Q10: Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolako i nā palapala hōʻoia EN 10204 Type 3.2 no kēia paipu i uhi ʻia?
A: ʻAe. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻonohonoho i ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu e TÜV, BV, DNV, a i ʻole SGS. E ʻoluʻolu e hōʻike i ka manawa o ke kauoha.