1. Nānā Huahana - He aha ka Metallurgical Bonded Seamless Clad Pipe?
Apaipu ʻaʻahu humuhumu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka metallurgical(ʻike ʻia hoʻi hepaipu ʻaʻahu bimetal seamlessa i ʻolePaipu humuhumu ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e CRA) he paipu hui hana kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻohui mau ʻana i kahipapa o loko o ka metala pale ʻino (CRA)i kahipapa waho o ke kalapona a i ʻole ke kila alloy ikaika kiʻekiʻe / kūpaʻa i ka mahana kiʻekiʻema o ke kaʻina hana hoʻopili metallurgical. ʻAʻole e like me ka paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka mīkini, hana nā papa ʻelua i kahi ʻāpana hoʻolaha atomika ma ka interface - hoʻopau loa i nā pilikia o ka hiolo ʻana o ka liner, ka blistering, ka wrinkling, a i ʻole ka delamination ma lalo o ka thermal cycling a i ʻole ka pressure pulsation.
ʻO nā hui paipu ʻekolu i uhi ʻia mai ka nīnau i ʻōlelo ʻia e hōʻike ana i ʻekolu mau kūlana lawelawe koi like ʻole:
● Hui pū ʻana 1: P265GH + TP304L– Ke kila kākoʻo: EN10216-2 P265GH (ipu kaomi / papa paila). ʻO ka uhi o loko: 304L kila kila. Kūpono no nā noi mahana waena kiʻekiʻe (≤450°C) e like me nā panela paipu paila, nā mea hoʻololi wela, a me nā paipu kemika kahi i loaʻa ai ka mahu a me nā mea ʻino iki.
●Hoʻohuihui 2: X10CrMoVNb9-1 + UNS N08028– Ke kila kākoʻo: Ke kila kūpaʻa wela martensitic T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1). ʻO ka uhi o loko: Alloy 28 (UNS N08028, kahi alloy austenitic Mo/Cu kiʻekiʻe). Kūpaʻa kēia hui ʻananā mahana a hiki i ka 650°Cʻoiai ke kūʻē nei i ka chloride kiʻekiʻe, H₂S, a me ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka waikawa organik. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā ʻāpana superheater / reheater i nā paila ultra supercritical a me nā ʻāpana petrochemical corrosive kiʻekiʻe.
●Hoʻohuihui 3: P265GH + UNS N08825– Ke kila kākoʻo: P265GH. ʻO ka uhi o loko: Incoloy 825 (nickel hao chromium me Mo, Cu, Ti). Hāʻawi ʻo Incoloy 825 i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i nā waikawa oxidizing a me ka hoʻemi ʻana, a kūpono loa noʻO ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa H₂S / CO₂ / chloride kiʻekiʻenā paipu kahe aila a me ke kinoea, nā paipu lalo, a me nā mea hoʻololi wela kaomi kiʻekiʻe / mahana kiʻekiʻe.
Hana ʻia nā huahana ʻekolu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahikaʻina hana hoʻopili metallurgical seamless, e hoʻopau ana i nā ʻūmiʻi longitudinal weld ʻo ia nā wahi nāwaliwali loa i nā paipu i uhi ʻia me ka welded.
2. Nā Pōmaikaʻi ʻenehana koʻikoʻi
| Pōmaikaʻi | Wehewehena |
| Hoʻopaʻa metallurgical maoli | ʻO ka ikaika o ke kuʻi ʻana o ka interface ≥300 MPa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā koi API 5LD. ʻAʻohe ʻūlū ʻana o ka liner, hiolo, a hemo paha ma lalo o ke kaʻapuni wela. |
| Kūkulu maʻalahi | He humuhumu ʻole nā kila kākoʻo a me ke kāpili CRA - ʻaʻohe humuhumu weld longitudinal, kūpono no ka hydrogen kiʻekiʻe a me ka lawelawe kinoea ʻawaʻawa. |
| Hoʻohui mea i hana kūikawā ʻia | He koho ākea o nā kila kākoʻo (kila kalapona a i T91) a me nā uhi CRA (304L a i nā mea hoʻohui nickel) i kūlike i nā pono o ka pala, ka mahana a me ke kaomi. |
| Hoʻokele waiwai kiʻekiʻe | Hoʻohana wale ʻia ke kinikini pipiʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao pala; ʻo ke kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa he 30-60% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka paipu CRA paʻa o ka helu kaomi like. |
| Ka hiki ke hahai piha ʻia a me nā palapala | Nā palapala hōʻoia EN 10204 ʻAno 3.1/3.2, nā hōʻike hoʻāʻo kemika, mechanical, NDT a me hydrostatic piha. |
| Hana kahua i hōʻoia ʻia | Hoʻolako ʻia i nā hale hana mana he nui, nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a me nā papahana ma waho o ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻopau ʻana no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kahua me ka pilikia ʻole. |
3. Nā Kikoʻī Kikoʻī - ʻEkolu mau Hui Kuhikuhi (Ma muli o ka Nīnau Maoli)
| Palena | Hoʻohuihui 1 | Hoʻohuihui 2 | Hoʻohuihui 3 |
| Ke kila kākoʻo (waho) | EN10216-2 TC2 P265GH | X10CrMoVNb9-1 (T91) | EN10216-2 TC2 P265GH |
| ʻO ke kaumaha o waho × WT (mm) | 63.5 × 4.88 | 60.3 × 5.18 | 63.5 × 4.71 |
| ʻO ka uhi ʻana o CRA (loko) | SA-213M TP304L | UNS N08028 (Mea hoʻohuihui 28) | UNS N08825 (Incoloy 825) |
| ʻO ke kaumaha o loko × WT (mm) | 53.7 × 1.65 | 49.9 × 2.32 | 54.1 × 1.82 |
| Ka lōʻihi hoʻokahi (m) | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Kaumaha Anakahi (kg/m) | 10.32 | 10.98 | 10.30 |
| Nā Hoʻohana Maʻamau | Mea hoʻomehana wela haʻahaʻa paila, mea hoʻololi wela kemika | ʻO ka ʻāpana wela kiʻekiʻe o ka paila ultra-supercritical, nā paipu petrochemical corrosive loa | Nā paipu ʻaila/kinoea ʻawaʻawa, nā mea hoʻololi wela kiʻekiʻe / wela kiʻekiʻe |
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ana i luna ma ka nīnau maoli a ka mea kūʻai aku. Hiki iā Womic Steel ke hana i kēia mau hui pū ʻana ma ke ʻano he maʻamau a hoʻoponopono paha i nā ana a me nā hoʻomanawanui e like me nā kiʻi a ka mea kūʻai aku.
4. Luʻu Hohonu Mea
4.1 Ke kila kākoʻo (papa waho)
EN10216-2 TC2 P265GH
●Kūlana:EN10216-2 (Nā paipu kila humuhumu ʻole no nā kumu kaomi). TC2 = Māhele Hoʻāʻo 2 (e komo pū ana me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ʻaʻole luku).
● ʻAno like ka hoʻohuihui kemika me:ASTM A106 ʻĀpana B / A516 ʻĀpana 60.
● Pae mahana:-10°C a i 450°C (manawa lōʻihi).
● Nā waiwai koʻikoʻi:Maikaʻi ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia, ductility, a me ka ikaika o ka mahana kūpono. Hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā paipu paila, nā ipu kaomi, nā mea hoʻololi wela.
X10CrMoVNb9-1 (T91 / P91)
● Kūlana maʻamau:ASTM A213 T91 (paipu humuhumu ʻole) / A335 P91 (paipu).
● ʻAno liʻiliʻi:Ke kila kūpaʻa wela Martensitic (9%Cr, 1%Mo, V, Nb).
● Pae mahana:A hiki i ka 650°C.
● Nā waiwai koʻikoʻi:ʻO ka ikaika kolo maikaʻi loa, ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka oxidation, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala mahu i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe. Mea makemake ʻia no nā ʻōmole superheater a me nā ʻōmole reheater i nā paila ultra-supercritical.
4.2 CRA Cladding (Papa o loko)
SA-213M TP304L
● Kūlana maʻamau:ASME SA-213 (Paila kila austenitic alloy seamless, superheater a me nā paipu hoʻololi wela).
● Nā ʻano:Ke kila kila austenitic kalapona haʻahaʻa. ʻAʻohe sensitization ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana. Maikaʻi ka pale ʻana i ka pala a me ka oxidation.
● Palena:ʻAʻole kūpono no nā wahi chloride kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā wahi waikawa hoʻemi ikaika. Hoʻohana ʻia ma nā mahana ≤450°C.
UNS N08028 (Mea hoʻohuihui 28)
● Ka hoʻonohonoho inoa:28% Cr, 31% Ni, 3.5% Mo, 1% Cu.
● Ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho:Maikaʻi loa i nā wahi sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nā chloride kiʻekiʻe, a me H₂S. PREN = 38-40.
● Nā noi:ʻO ka pāpaho chloride kiʻekiʻe, ka lawelawe waikawa sulfuric, nā wahi kinoea ʻawaʻawa.
UNS N08825 (Incoloy 825)
● Ka hoʻonohonoho inoa:42%Ni, 21%Cr, 3%Mo, 2.5%Fe, me Cu, Ti.
● Ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho:ʻOi loa i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā waikawa. Ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka H₂S, CO₂, chlorides, sulfuric a me nā phosphoric acids.
● Nā noi:Nā ʻōmole ʻaila ʻawaʻawa a me ke kinoea, nā laina kahe o lalo o ka moana, ka hana kemika mahana kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hoʻololi wela.
5. Kaʻina Hana Hana - Hoʻopaʻa Metallurgical Seamless
Hāʻawi ʻo Womic Steel i nā paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka metallurgical seamless me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea i hōʻoia ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻahoʻolei centrifugal + extrusion wela + kahakiʻi anu / ʻōwili anuala:
1. Ke hoʻolei ʻana o ka papa CRA i ka centrifugal– Hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻia ka metala pale i ka pala (e laʻa, 304L, Metala 28, Incoloy 825) e hana i kahi apo kūloko / paipu hakahaka.
2. ʻAhahui hui a me ka extrusion wela– Hoʻākoakoa ʻia ka billet kila hope waho me ka paipu CRA o loko, a laila hoʻopuka pū ʻia ma ke ana wela a me ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pilina metallurgical ma waena o nā papa ʻelua e ka atomic interdiffusion.
3. Kahakiʻi anu / ʻōwili anu– Hoʻemi nā hele ʻana he nui i ke anawaena a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia i nā ana hope loa me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻano o ka palaoa a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili.
4. Ka mālama wela– Nā pōʻaiapuni lapaʻau wela i hana ʻia (normalizing, tempering, solution annealing) i hoʻopili ʻia e like me nā koi o ke kila kākoʻo a me ke kāpili CRA.
5. Hoʻāʻo ʻAʻole Luku (NDT)– 100% hoʻāʻo ultrasonic o ka pilina hoʻopaʻa a me ke kino paipu piha; ka nānā ʻana i ke au eddy no nā kīnā o ka ʻili.
6. Hoʻopau i ka hoʻopau ʻana– Hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka Bevel no kēlā me kēia kaha kiʻi o ka mea kūʻai. Loaʻa ka pata CRA (strip cladding) ma ka ʻaoʻao bevel e pale aku i ka dilution a hōʻoia i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka corrosion o ka girth weld.
7. Nānā hope loa a me nā palapala– Nānā ana, nānā ʻike maka, ana paʻakikī. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka waihona piha piha.
6. Nā Noi Maʻamau a me nā Kuhikuhi Papahana
✅ Nā Panel Paipu Boiler Plant Mana
●Nā koi:Pono nā ʻāpana superheater / reheater wela kiʻekiʻe e kū i ka oxidation mahu (pono ʻo T91) a kū pū kekahi i ka flue gas dew-point corrosion (pono ka papa o loko o CRA).
● Hoʻonā:X10CrMoVNb9-1 (T91) + UNS N08028 (Alloy 28). Hāʻawi i ka ikaika kolo 650°C + ka pale ʻana i ka pala i loko.
● Kuhikuhi:Hoʻololi hou i ka mea hoʻomehana i loko o kahi ʻāpana ultra-supercritical 1000MW ma Kina; hana paʻa >3 mau makahiki.
✅ Nā ʻĀpana Hydroprocessing Petrochemical
● Nā koi:ʻO ka lawelawe kaomi kiʻekiʻe / mahana kiʻekiʻe me H₂S, NH₃, Cl⁻, a me nā ʻano ʻino ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kila kila maʻamau e ʻeha ana i ka pitting a me ka SCC.
● Hoʻonā:Paipu i uhi ʻia me P265GH + Incoloy 825. Hāʻawi ke kila kākoʻo i ka ikaika; Hāʻawi ʻo Incoloy 825 i ke kūpaʻa piha ʻana i ka pala.
● Kuhikuhi:Pūʻolo paipu hoʻololi wela no kahi ʻāpana desulfurization ma kahi hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe Shandong. 45% hoʻemi kumukūʻai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka paipu nickel alloy paʻa.
✅ Nā Laina Hōʻiliʻili ʻAila a me ke Kinoea ʻAwaʻawa
● Nā koi:ʻO ke kahua kinoea H₂S / CO₂ kiʻekiʻe ma uka e koi ana i ke kūpaʻa lawelawe ʻawaʻawa a me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi o ka mahana haʻahaʻa.
● Hoʻonā:P265GH (paʻakikī maikaʻi o ka mahana haʻahaʻa) + Incoloy 825 a i ʻole ka uhi ʻana o Alloy 28.
● Kuhikuhi:Ke hōʻiliʻili nei i ka paipu lālā ma kahi poloka sulfur kiʻekiʻe ma ke Komohana Hema o Kina. ʻElua mau makahiki o ka lawelawe me ka ʻole o ka hemahema o ka palaho kūloko.
7. Ka Mana Hoʻomalu a me ka Palapala Hōʻoia
| Mea Nānā | ʻAno Hana / Kūlana | Ka laulā |
| ʻAno kemika | ʻOES / spectrometer heluhelu pololei | No kēlā me kēia wela - ka nānā ʻokoʻa no ke kila kākoʻo a me ka uhi ʻana o CRA |
| Nā waiwai tensile | Ka mahana ambient + kiʻekiʻe (koho) | Nā laʻana lōʻihi mai kēlā me kēia papa |
| Paʻakikī o ka hopena | ʻO Charpy V notch (-20°C a i ʻole -40°C) | Ke kila kākoʻo |
| Ikaika ʻokiʻoki interfacial | Hoʻāʻo paʻi i waho (≥300 MPa) | Hoʻokahi laʻana liʻiliʻi no kēlā me kēia pūʻulu hana |
| Paʻakikī | HV / HRB / Leeb | ʻĀpana interface a me ke kila kākoʻo |
| Hoʻāʻo Ultrasonic | Nalu lōʻihi a me ka nalu ʻokiʻoki (100%) | Ka kūpaʻa o ka pilina, nā laminations, nā kīnā kūloko |
| Ka liki ʻana o ke au Eddy / ka leakahe o ke kahe | Ka lōʻihi piha | Nā hemahema o ka ʻili a me ka ʻili kokoke |
| Hoʻāʻo hydrostatic | 1.5× kaomi hoʻolālā | Kēlā me kēia paipu |
| ʻO ka palaho intergranular (koho) | ASTM A262 Hoʻomaʻamaʻa E (no 304L) | E like me ke noi |
| Ka nui o ka palaoa (koho) | ASTM E112 (no ka uhi austenitic) | E like me ke noi |
Palapala Kūlana:EN 10204 ʻAno 3.1 (maʻamau) a i ʻole ʻAno 3.2 (me ka mea hōʻike ʻaoʻao ʻekolu i ʻae ʻia). Hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao ʻekolu (SGS, BV, TÜV, DNV, ABS, LR).
8. Hoʻopili a me ka hoʻouna ʻana
●Ka palekana ʻili:ʻAila anti-popo ma waho; ua pani ʻia ka lua o loko me ke kinoea naikokene.
●Ka palekana hopena:ʻO nā pāpale hopena palaki a kila paha e pale aku ai i ka pōʻino mechanical a me ke komo ʻana o nā ʻōpala.
●Hoʻopili ʻana:Nā pūʻolo hexagonal a i ʻole huinahā me nā kaula kila; nā mea hoʻokaʻawale lāʻau ma waena o nā papa e pale aku ai i ka hoʻopā ʻana o ka metala i ka metala.
●Kaohi ʻana i ka makū:ʻO ka tarpaulin wai ʻole + nā ʻeke desiccant i loko o ka ʻōwili, kūpono no ka ukana moana.
●Māka:Ua hōʻailona maopopo ʻia kēlā me kēia paipu me ka helu wela, nā kikoʻī, ka pae mea, a me ka lōʻihi. Ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka papa inoa hoʻopili a me nā palapala maikaʻi.
●Nā awa hoʻouka:Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao (nā awa nui o Kina). Hoʻouna ʻia ma o ka ipu maʻamau (20'/40'), ka papa pālahalaha, a i ʻole ka moku haki nui.
9. Nā Nīnau i Nīnau Pinepine ʻia (FAQ)
Q1: He aha ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka paipu seamless clad i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka metallurgically a me ka paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mechanical?
A: I loko o ka paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka metallurgically, hoʻokumu ka interface i kahi pilina diffusion atomic-scale (ikaika shear ≥300 MPa). Hoʻopau loa kēia i ka wili ʻana o ka liner, ka hiolo ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻo ia nā pilikia maʻamau no ka paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mechanical ma lalo o ka thermal cycling a i ʻole ka pressure pulsation.
Q2: No ke aha e hoʻohana ai iā T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1) ma mua o P91 ma ke ʻano he papa waho?
A: Hoʻokahi ka haku mele kemika o T91 a me P91. ʻO T91 ka inoa no ka paipu seamless (hoʻohana ʻia no nā paipu paila liʻiliʻi, e laʻa me nā kūlou superheater), ʻoiai ʻo P91 e hoʻohana ʻia no nā paipu nui. ʻO T91 ke koho kūpono loa no ka hana ʻana i nā kūlou superheater a me nā reheater U.
Q3: He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o UNS N08028 (Alloy 28) a me UNS N08825 (Incoloy 825)?
A: ʻOi aku ka nui o Cr, Mo a me Cu o ka Alloy 28, e hāʻawi ana i ke kū'ē maikaʻi loa i ka sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid a me nā wahi chloride kiʻekiʻe (PREN 38-40). Loaʻa i ka Incoloy 825 ka nickel hou aku, e ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kū'ē ʻana i ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā waikawa a me ka hydrofluoric acid. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai. No ka loiloi waena kikoʻī, e kūkākūkā me ka hui ʻenekinia o Womic Steel.
Q4: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka paipu i uhi ʻia me ka P265GH + TP304L no ka ʻāpana haʻahaʻa o ka paila?
A: ʻAe. Hāʻawi ʻo P265GH i ka ikaika maikaʻi o ka mahana waena a me ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia, ʻoiai ke kūpale ʻana o loko 304L i ka pala mai ka condensate kinoea flue (loaʻa ka waikawa sulfurous). Manaʻo ʻia e sila i nā wēlau o ka paipu ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo hydrostatic e pale aku i ka popo ma mua o ka lawelawe ʻana.
Q5: Hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi i nā palapala hōʻoia EN 10204 Type 3.2 a me ka hōʻike ʻana mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu?
ʻAe. Loaʻa iā Womic Steel ka laulima lōʻihi me SGS, BV, TÜV, DNV, ABS a me LR. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻonohonoho i ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana (e laʻa, tensile, UT) a hoʻopuka i nā palapala hōʻoia Type 3.2.
Q6: He aha ka manawa hoʻouna maʻamau no kēia mau hui paipu i uhi ʻia?
A: No nā kauoha mua o nā hui maʻamau, ʻo ka lawe ʻana he 60-90 mau lā maʻamau (me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea, ka extrusion composite, ka hoʻopau anu a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana). No nā hui i hana nui ʻia (e laʻa, P265GH+TP304L), hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka manawa alakaʻi i 45-60 mau lā.
10. Kāhea iā Womic Steel - ʻO kāu mea hana paipu Clad
Inā he mau koi kāu e like me ka nīnau no ka paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma luna - a i ʻole kekahi mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe o waho / loko - e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona iā Womic Steel no kahi manaʻo loea a me ke kumukūʻai kālā.
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Womic Steel - Nā hoʻonā paipu i hoʻopili ʻia me 316L no ka lawelawe CO₂, ka paila, ka mea hoʻololi wela, ka mahana haʻahaʻa, a me nā noi wela kiʻekiʻe.










