1. Womic Steel: Nā Mana Hana a me ka Ikaika o ka ʻOihana
He mea hana mua ʻo Womic Steel Group a he mea hoʻopuka honua me ka ʻoi aku o 20 mau makahiki o ka ʻike loea i ka hana ʻana i nā paipu corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) e komo pū ana me nā nickel alloys, nā kila kila duplex, a me ka titanium. Hoʻohana kā mākou hale hana hana paipu nickel alloy kūikawā i nā ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe holomua me ka kaohi koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokomo wela a me ka mālama wela ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e mālama i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka alloy i ka corrosion a me nā waiwai mechanical:
●Laina ERW (Kuʻihao Kū'ē Uila):No nā anawaena mai 6.35mm a i 610mm (1/4″ - 24″), ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka paia mai 0.5mm a i 12.7mm. Kuʻi alapine kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻokomo wela haʻahaʻa e pale aku i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. Kūpono no nā paipu N08825 liʻiliʻi a waena no nā laina mea kani, ka hoʻokomo kemika, a me nā paipu hana.
●Ka Laina EFW (Hoʻohui Uila Uila):No nā anawaena mai 219mm a i 1219mm (8″ - 48″), ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka paia mai 4.0mm a i 50mm. ʻO ke ala aʻa TIG (GTAW) me nā ala hoʻopiha SAW, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka metala hoʻopihapiha kūlike (ERNiCrMo-3 a i ʻole ERNiCrMo-10) a me ka pale kinoea inert.
●Ka Laina LSAW / SAWL no nā Nickel Alloys:No nā anawaena mai 406mm a i 1524mm (16″ - 60″), ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka paia a hiki i 50mm. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻāʻī i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o nā papa nickel alloy i ʻōwili ʻia me ka hoʻokomo wela i kāohi ʻia.
ʻO nā paipu i hoʻopili ʻia me ka nickel alloy a pau e hana ʻia ana i ka solution annealing (wela treatment) ma 980-1040°C a ukali ʻia e ka quenching wai a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻalili wikiwiki ʻana o ka ea e hoʻihoʻi i ke kūpaʻa i ka corrosion a hoʻoheheʻe i kekahi carbide a i ʻole intermetallic precipitates, a ukali ʻia e ka pickling a me ka passivation.
Nā Palapala Hōʻoia Kūlana a me ka Hoʻokō ʻana i nā Hoʻoponopono:
● Hōʻoia ʻia ʻo ISO 9001:2015
● PED 2014/68/EU (CE Marking) no nā lako hana kaomi
● EN 10204 3.2 Palapala hōʻoia me ka hōʻoia ʻaoʻao ʻekolu (TÜV, BV, SGS, LR)
● Nānā ʻAoʻao ʻEkolu (TPI) i ʻāpono ʻia e SGS, BV, ABS, DNV, TÜV
● NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa (H₂S)
● ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (Māhele VIII, Div. 1) ma ke noi ʻana
Hoʻolako ʻo Womic Steel i nā paipu i hoʻopili ʻia me ka nickel alloy i nā ʻāina he 30 a ʻoi ma o ka hana kemika, ka hana mea hoʻouluulu, ka nukelea, a me nā ʻoihana kai.
Ka Hoʻololi Hana:
● ERW: 6.35–610mm OD × 0.5–12.7mm WT × ≤ 12m
● EFW: 219–1219mm OD × 4.0–50mm WT × ≤ 12m (ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma ke noi ʻana)
● LSAW: 406–1524mm OD × 6.0–50mm WT × ≤ 18m
● Nā koho hoʻopau: Hoʻomoʻa ʻia a hoʻomoʻa ʻia, hoʻomoʻa ʻia me ka ʻālohilohi (no nā paipu liʻiliʻi)
2. ASTM B705 UNS N08825: Nā ʻano hana a me nā ʻano hana
ʻO UNS N08825 (Incoloy 825) he hui nickel-hao-chromium me nā hoʻohui o ka molybdenum, keleawe, a me ka titanium. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hāʻawi i ke kū'ē maikaʻi loa i nā waikawa hoʻemi a me ka oxidizing, a me ka chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC) a me ka pitting. Hoʻopaʻa ka hoʻohui titanium i ka hui e kū'ē i ka hoʻouka intergranular ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana (e like me nā kila kila paʻa). ʻO ka nui o ka nickel (38-46%) e hāʻawi i ke kū'ē maikaʻi loa i ka chloride SCC, ʻoiai ʻo ka chromium a me ka molybdenum e hāʻawi i ke kū'ē pitting. Hoʻohui ke keleawe i ke kū'ē i nā waikawa sulfuric a me phosphoric.
ʻAno Kemika (Loiloi Ladle, % ma ke kaumaha):
| ʻElemene | UNS N08825 (ASTM B705) |
| C | ≤ 0.050 (maʻamau ≤ 0.025) |
| Mn | ≤ 1.00 |
| P | ≤ 0.030 |
| S | ≤ 0.030 |
| Si | ≤ 0.50 |
| Cr | 19.5 – 23.5 |
| Ni | 38.0 – 46.0 |
| Mo | 2.5 – 3.5 |
| Cu | 1.5 – 3.0 |
| Ti | 0.6 – 1.2 |
| Al | ≤ 0.20 |
| Fe | Kaulike |
Nā Waiwai Mechanical (Mahana o ka Lumi, Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Solution):
| Waiwai | UNS N08825 |
| Ka Ikaika Hua (minimum, 0.2% offset) | 240 MPa (35,000 psi) |
| Ikaika Hoʻopaʻa (min) | 550 MPa (80,000 psi) |
| Elongation (min, 50mm anakahi) | 30% |
| Paʻakikī (maʻamau) | 75-85 HRB |
Nā Waiwai Kino:
● Ka nui o ke kinoea: 8.14 g/cm³
● Modulus o ka Elasticity: 195 GPa (28.3 × 10⁶ psi)
● Ka Hoʻokele Wela: 11.1 W/m·K ma 100°C
● Ka helu o ka hoʻonui wela: 14.0 × 10⁻⁶/°C (20-100°C)
Ke kū'ē ʻana i ka palaho:
● Kū'ē maikaʻi loa i ka waikawa sulfuric ma luna o nā ʻano like ʻole (a hiki i ka 96% ma nā mahana kaulike)
● Ke kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi i ka waikawa phosphoric (kaʻina hana pulu) e loaʻa ana nā chlorides a me nā fluorides
● Kū'ē maikaʻi i ka waikawa nitric a me nā waikawa organik
● Kū'ē maikaʻi loa i ka haki ʻana o ka chloride stress corrosion (SCC)
● Kū'ē maikaʻi i ka palaho lua a me ka crevice i nā wahi chloride (PREN ≈ 30-35)
● Kūpaʻa i ka pala intergranular ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana (ua paʻa ka titanium)
● Kūpono no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa (NACE MR0175) a hiki i nā kaomi hapa H₂S kiʻekiʻe
Nā Palena ʻAi ʻAi (Kokoke):
● ʻakika sulfuric (H₂SO₄): hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia a hiki i ka 96% o ka nui ma ka mahana o ka lumi; kaupalena ʻia i ka wā e paila ana
● ʻAkika phosphoric (H₃PO₄): maikaʻi loa a hiki i ka 80% ma 100°C
● Waikawa hydrochloric (HCl): kaupalena ʻia i ka dilute (< 5%) ma ka mahana o ka lumi
● ʻAkika nitric (HNO₃): maikaʻi a hiki i ka 40% ma nā mahana kūpono
3. Ka laulā Ana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana
| Mea | Nā kikoʻī |
| Kūlana Maʻamau | ASTM B705 / ASME SB-705 (paipu); ASTM B709 (paipu) |
| Nā Kaʻina Hana Hana | ERW, EFW, LSAW |
| Ka laulā o ke anawaena o waho | ERW: 6.35 – 610mm; EFW/LSAW: 219 – 1524mm |
| Pae Mānoanoa o ka Paia | ERW: 0.5 – 12.7mm; EFW/LSAW: 4.0 – 50mm |
| Pae Hoʻonohonoho | 5S, 10S, 40S, 80S (no NPS 1/8″ – 48″) |
| Ka laulā lōʻihi | Kūlana: 6m; Hoʻolōʻihi ʻia: 12m, 18m, a hiki i 18m (ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma ke noi ʻana) |
| Hoʻopau i ka hoʻopau ʻana | Wāhi Maʻemaʻe (PE), Wāhi Beveled (BE) |
| Hoʻopau ʻili | Hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻomoʻa ʻia, Hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka ʻōlinolino |
| Nā hoʻomanawanui | OD: ±0.5% a i ʻole ±3.2mm; WT: ±12.5% (no ASTM B775); Lōʻihi: +50mm / -0mm |
4. Nā Ana a me nā Kikoʻī i Loaʻa - ASTM B705 UNS N08825 Welded Nickel Alloy Pipe (Nā Nui Maʻamau i Koho ʻia)
| NPS | OD (mm) | Papa kuhikuhi | Paona (mm) | Kaumaha (kg/m) | Lōʻihi Maʻamau | Hoʻohana Maʻamau |
| 1/2″ | 21.3 | 40S | 2.77 | 1.27 | 6m | Hoʻokomo kemika |
| 3/4″ | 26.7 | 40S | 2.87 | 1.69 | 6m | Nā laina mea kani |
| 1″ | 33.4 | 40S | 3.38 | 2.50 | 6m | Nā laina hānai waikawa |
| 1-1/2″ | 48.3 | 40S | 3.68 | 4.05 | 6m | Nā paipu hana |
| 2″ | 60.3 | 40S | 3.91 | 5.44 | 6m / 12m | ʻAkika sulfuric |
| 3″ | 88.9 | 40S | 5.49 | 11.3 | 6m / 12m | ʻAkika phosphoric |
| 4″ | 114.3 | 40S | 6.02 | 16.1 | 6m / 12m | Nā laina hoʻoheheʻe |
| 6″ | 168.3 | 40S | 7.11 | 28.3 | 6m / 12m | Puka hoʻopuka FGD |
| 8″ | 219.1 | 40S | 8.18 | 42.6 | 12m | Laina ʻawaʻawa ma waho |
| 10″ | 273.0 | 40S | 9.27 | 60.3 | 12m | Hoʻoulu hou ʻana o ka waikawa |
| 12″ | 323.9 | 40S | 10.31 | 79.8 | 12m | Poʻomanaʻo waikawa nui |
| 16″ | 406.4 | 40S | 12.70 | 123.4 | 12m | Ka hana hou ʻana o ka nukelea |
| 20″ | 508.0 | 40S | 15.09 | 183.5 | 12m | Anawaena nui |
| 24″ | 609.6 | 40S | 17.48 | 255.5 | 12m | Noi kūikawā |
*Loaʻa nā ana maʻamau ma waho o kēia mau pae. Pono nā paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo N08825 i nā manawa alakaʻi lōʻihi (ʻo ka liʻiliʻi he 60 mau lā) ma muli o ke kumu kūʻai ʻana o nā kaula/papa kūikawā.*
5. Nā Kūlana & Papa o ka Nickel Alloy maʻamau i hana ʻia e Womic Steel
| Kūlana Maʻamau | Nā Papa Kila / Alloy | Hoʻohana Maʻamau | Kaʻina Hana Kuʻihao |
| ASTM B705 | UNS N08825 (Incoloy 825) | Waikawa sulfuric, phosphoric | EFW/LSAW/ERW |
| ASTM B709 | UNS N08825 | Paipu, mea hoʻololi wela | ERW |
| ASTM B619 | UNS N06022 (Hastelloy C-22), N10276 (C-276) | ʻAi loa ka ʻino | EFW/LSAW |
| ASTM B622 | UNS N06022, N10276 | Paipu | ERW |
| ASTM B464 | UNS N08020 (20 Alloy) | ʻAkika sulfuric | EFW |
| ASTM B729 | UNS N08020 | Paipu | ERW |
Hoʻohana:Nā hale hana ʻakika (H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, HNO₃), hana hou ʻana i ka nukelea, lawelawe ʻakika ma waho o ke kai, FGD, nā moku lawe kemika.
6. Kaʻina Hana Hana - Paipu Alloy Nickel i Welded ʻia (ERW, EFW, LSAW)
Pono ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka nickel alloy i ka kaohi pono ʻana i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka wela a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana e mālama i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka titanium-paʻa o ka Alloy 825, akā hiki i ka hoʻokomo wela nui ke hana i ka sensitization a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.
Kaʻina Hana ERW (Hoʻopaʻa Kū'ē Uila) - Anawaena Liʻiliʻi a Waena (6.35–610mm OD):
●Nānā ʻana i nā mea maka (Strip/Coil):Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka ʻāpana nikala no ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o N08825 (Ni 38-46%, Cr 19.5-23.5%, Mo 2.5-3.5%, Cu 1.5-3.0%, Ti 0.6-1.2%). Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia wili ka helu wela kūikawā me ka hiki ke hahai piha ʻia.
●Ke wehe ʻana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana
●ʻOki ʻana i ka lihi o ke kaha
●Ke hoʻokumu nei:Hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻōwili.
●Kuʻihao Alapine Kiʻekiʻe:Hoʻokomo wela haʻahaʻa (≤ 1.2 kJ/mm) e pale aku i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. Kuʻi ʻana i ka lewa inert (pale argon) e pale aku i ka oxidation.
●Hoʻopili ʻana i ka humuhumu:ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka induction a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻomaʻalili wikiwiki.
●Ka nui a me ka hoʻopololei ʻana
●ʻOki ʻana i ka lōʻihi
●NDT:Hoʻāʻo au Eddy (100%) + UT koho.
●Hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hopena (Paipu piha):980-1040°C, hoʻopau i ka wai (a i ʻole e hoʻomaʻalili koke i ka ea). He mea pono no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa i ka pala.
●Hoʻāʻo Hydrostatic
●Hoʻopaʻakai a me ka Passivation(me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hui waikawa kūikawā no nā mea hoʻohui nickel)
●PMI (XRF) & Ferrite check (ʻaʻohe ferrite i loko o ka nickel alloy)
●Nānā Hope Loa & Māka
Kaʻina Hana EFW (Electric Fusion Welding) - Anawaena Nui (219–1219mm OD, 4.0–50mm WT):
●Ka Hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka Pā:Papa nikala, nā kihi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia (X bevel).
●Hoʻokumu ʻōwili
●Kuʻihao Tack
●Ka Huakaʻi Aʻa TIG (GTAW):Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ka metala hoʻopihapiha (ERNiCrMo-3 a i ʻole ERNiCrMo-10), ke kinoea kākoʻo argon me ka mea loaʻa oxygen.
●Nā Palapala Hoʻopiha & Kāpena SAW:Hoʻokomo wela haʻahaʻa (≤ 1.5 kJ/mm), mahana interpass ≤ 150°C. Flux kūikawā no nā mea hoʻohui nickel (haʻahaʻa sulfur).
●Weld kūloko (no nā anawaena nui)
●100% RT + UT(e like me ASTM B775)
●Hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hopena:Ka mālama wela piha ʻana o ka paipu (980-1040°C), ka wai e hoʻopau ai.
●Hoʻopaʻakai a me ka Passivation
●Hoʻāʻo Hydrostatic
●Nānā PMI a me ka Ana
●Māka ʻana
Kaʻina Hana LSAW no nā Nickel Alloys - Anawaena Nui Loa (406–1524mm OD, 6.0–50mm WT):
● UOE a i ʻole JCOE e hana ana mai ka papa nickel alloy
● Kuʻihao SAW ʻaoʻao pālua me ka hoʻokomo wela haʻahaʻa
● Hoʻoheheʻe piha ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana
Nā Mana Mana Koʻikoʻi no ka N08825 Welding:
● Hoʻokomo wela: ≤ 1.5 kJ/mm (pahuhopu ≤ 1.2 kJ/mm)
● Mahana waena: ≤ 150°C
● Kinoea pale: ʻArgon (100%) no TIG; ʻargon + helium no SAW
● Hoʻomaʻemaʻe: Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ikaika ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana (nā mea nickel i pili i ka sulfur a me ke kēpau)
● Hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hopena: 980-1040°C, hoʻopau wai - koi ʻia.
● ʻAʻohe ferrite i loko o ka metala wili (ua piha nā wili nickel alloy i ka austenitic)
7. Nā Kaʻina Hana Hoʻomalu a me ka Hoʻāʻo ʻana no ka Paipu Alloy Nickel Welded ASTM B705 UNS N08825
| Kahua | ʻAno Nānā | Kumu |
| Mea Maka | Ka Nānā Kemika (OES a i ʻole ICP) | E hōʻoia i nā palena N08825 (Ni, Cr, Mo, Cu, Ti, Fe) |
| Mea Maka | Hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka Tensile | Hua ≥ 240 MPa, Tensile ≥ 550 MPa |
| Mea Maka | Paʻakikī | 75-85 HRB maʻamau |
| Mea Maka | Hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka palaho (ASTM G28) | Ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka palaho intergranular (no ka lawelawe waikawa koʻikoʻi) |
| Ke Kaʻina Hana Nei | Ka Nānā ʻana i ka Hoʻokomo Wela | ≤ 1.5 kJ/mm |
| Ke Kaʻina Hana Nei | Mahana Ma waena o ke ala | ≤ 150°C |
| Weld (ERW) | Au Eddy (100%) | Ka pono o ka wili ʻana |
| Weld (EFW/LSAW) | 100% UT (a i ʻole PAUT) | ʻIke i nā hemahema o ka wili ʻana |
| Weld (EFW/LSAW) | RT (10-100% no kēlā me kēia kikoʻī) | Ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana |
| Hoʻopili | Ka Mea Hoʻokomo i ka Waihoʻoluʻu (PT) | Nā māwae ʻili |
| Ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hopena | Hoʻāʻo Paʻakikī | E hōʻoia i ke kūlana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka hopena |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | Hoʻāʻo Hydrostatic | Ka kūpaʻa o ke kaomi |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | PMI (XRF) | E hōʻoia i ka māka (Ni, Cr, Mo) |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | Hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka palaho (ASTM G28 Hoʻomaʻamaʻa A) | Ke kū'ē ʻana o IGC (inā i kuhikuhi ʻia) |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | ʻIke & Māka | Ka hiki ke hahai ʻia |
Nā Hoʻāʻo Koho no ka Lawelawe Koʻikoʻi:
● ASTM G28 Hoʻomaʻamaʻa A (50% H₂SO₄ - ferric sulfate) no ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion intergranular
● Hoʻāʻo lua ASTM G48 (ma FeCl₃, 6% ma 40°C) no ke kū'ē ʻana i ka lua chloride
● Hoʻāʻo HIC/SSC no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa (NACE TM0284, TM0177)
● Hoʻāʻo tensile mahana kiʻekiʻe (e laʻa, ma 300°C)
● Ana Ferrite (pono e < 1% no nā mea hoʻohui nickel)
8. Nā Hoʻohana Mua - ASTM B705 UNS N08825 Paipu Alloy Nickel Welded
●Nā mea kanu waikawa sulfuric:Ka lawelawe ʻana i ka oleum (H₂SO₄ + SO₃), ka waikawa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (96-98%), ka waikawa dilute (5-10%), a me nā paipu hoʻoluʻu waikawa. Hoʻololi i nā kila kila e pala koke ana.
●Ka hana ʻana o ka waikawa phosphoric (kaʻina hana pulu):ʻO nā evaporators, nā mea hoʻoluʻu flash, a me nā paipu e lawelawe ana i ka waikawa phosphoric me nā chlorides a me nā fluorides. Kūʻē ka Alloy 825 i nā kūlana oxidizing a me ka hōʻemi.
●Ka hana hou ʻana i ka wahie nukelea:ʻO ka lawelawe ʻana i ka wahie nukelea i hoʻopau ʻia i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka waikawa nitric me nā fluorides. Kūʻē ʻo N08825 i ka pala i loko o kēia ʻano ʻino loa (hoʻohana ʻia ma nā hale hana Magnox a me THORP).
●Ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa ma waho o ke kai:Hana ʻaila a me ke kinoea me nā kaomi hapa H₂S kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i ka 10 bar) i hui pū ʻia me nā chloride kiʻekiʻe a me nā mahana a hiki i ka 200°C. Ua kūpono ʻo NACE MR0175.
●Hoʻomaʻalili wai kai (mahana kiʻekiʻe):ʻO nā ʻōnaehana wai hoʻoluʻu i nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe kahakai a me nā mea kanu mana kahi i ʻoi aku ai ka mahana o ka wai kai ma mua o 45°C (kahi e pitting ai ʻo 2205 a me super duplex). Kūʻē ʻo N08825 i ka pitting a hiki i 80°C.
●Nā ʻauwai hoʻopuka desulfurization kinoea flue (FGD):I lalo o nā mea hoʻomoʻa kahi i loaʻa ai nā kinoea waikawa momona chloride. ʻO Alloy 825 ke kūlana maʻamau no nā ducting puka a me nā liner stack.
●Nā moku lawe kemika:Paipu ukana no nā kemika ikaika e like me ka waikawa sulfuric, ka waikawa phosphoric, a me nā waikawa organik. Ua ʻāpono ʻia ʻo N08825 e nā ʻoihana hoʻouna kemika nui.
●Nā hale hana hoʻoulu hou ʻana i ka ʻakika a me ka waikawa:ʻO ka waikawa hydrochloric (dilute) a me nā laina pickling waikawa i hui ʻia no ka hana kila kila.
●Ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino:Nā kahawai ʻōpala ʻoihana ʻino loa mai nā hale hana kemika (nā waikawa i hui ʻia, nā metala kaumaha, nā chloride).
9. Hoʻopili & Hoʻouna - ASTM B705 UNS N08825 Paipu Alloy Nickel Welded
Pūʻolo:
●Ka palekana anti-corrosion:ʻUhi palakiko a pepa VCI paha. No ka lawelawe kemika, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ke koena aila (ʻūpā maʻemaʻe).
●Nā pāpale hope:Nā pāpale palaki hana kaumaha (waiho ʻia me ke kala - ʻalani maʻamau no N08825).
●Hoʻopili ʻana (Nā anawaena liʻiliʻi):Ua ʻōwili pākahi ʻia kēlā me kēia paipu, a laila ua hoʻopili ʻia me nā kaula hao ʻole (e pale i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kaula kila e pale ai i ka haumia).
●Nā ʻūpā pākahi (Nui ke anawaena):ʻUhi ʻili plastik me nā apo huʻa ma waena o nā paipu.
●Nā pahu lāʻauno nā noi koʻikoʻi (nukelekila, lāʻau lapaʻau).
Hoʻouna ʻana:
● Nā ipu no ≤ 610mm, haki-nui no nā anawaena nui aʻe.
●Palapala:MTC 3.1/3.2 (EN 10204), hōʻike hydrotest, nā hōʻike UT/RT, hōʻike PMI, hōʻike hoʻāʻo corrosion (ASTM G28 inā i kuhikuhi ʻia), hōʻike dimensional, papa inoa hoʻopili, COO. Loaʻa piha mai ka helu wela a i ka paipu i hoʻopau ʻia.
10. Nā Pōmaikaʻi o ke kila Womic & FAQ - ASTM B705 UNS N08825 Welded Nickel Alloy Pipe
No ke aha e hui pū ai me Womic Steel no ka paipu welded N08825?
● Ka laulā nui piha: ERW 1/4″ – 24″, EFW/LSAW 8″ – 48″.
● Hoʻoheheʻe piha ʻana i ka hopena ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana (980-1040°C, hoʻopau wai).
● Loaʻa ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka palaho intergranular e like me ASTM G28 (pono no ka lawelawe waikawa).
● Palapala hōʻoia NACE MR0175 no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa.
● Ka mana hoʻomalu maikaʻi koʻikoʻi - ʻaʻohe ferrite i loko o ka metala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
● Nā manawa alakaʻi hoʻokūkū no nā paipu nickel alloy: 60-75 mau lā no ERW, 75-90 mau lā no EFW.
Nā Nīnau i Nīnau Pinepine ʻia (FAQ) - ASTM B705 UNS N08825 Paipu Welded
Q: He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o Incoloy 825 (N08825) a me Alloy 20 (N08020)?
A: Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻelua no ka lawelawe ʻana i ka sulfuric acid. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nickel o ka Alloy 20 (N08020) (32-38%) a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka chromium (19-21%) me ke keleawe. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nickel o N08825 (38-46%) a me ka molybdenum (2.5-3.5%) me ka titanium stabilization. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa o N08825 i ka pitting a me ka chloride SCC a ʻoi aku ka kūpono no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa (H₂S). ʻOi aku ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka Alloy 20 no ka phosphoric acid a me ka dilute sulfuric acid me ka ʻole o nā chlorides. Hoʻākāka pinepine ʻia ʻo N08825 no nā kūlana ʻoi aku ka ikaika.
Q: Kūleʻa anei ʻo N08825 i ka waikawa sulfuric ma nā ʻano like ʻole?
A: ʻAʻole. He maikaʻi loa ʻo N08825 no ka waikawa sulfuric a hiki i kahi 60% ma nā mahana a hiki i 100°C, a no nā ʻano ma waena o 85-96% ma ka mahana o ka lumi. Ma ka pae waena (60-85%) a ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke kiʻekiʻe nā helu pala. No ka H₂SO₄ i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe (> 90%, > 150°C), pono paha nā mea hoʻohui kūikawā e like me Hastelloy C-276. E nānā mau i nā pakuhi pala no nā kūlana kikoʻī.
Q: Pono anei ʻo N08825 i ka mālama wela ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana?
A: No ka hapa nui o nā noi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo N08825 i ke kūlana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka mea pale ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka titanium i ka sensitization. Eia nō naʻe, koi ʻo ASTM B705 i ka solution annealing (wela treatment) no ka paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hoʻokō i nā waiwai mechanical a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion. Hana ʻo Womic i ka solution annealing ma nā paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia āpau. No ka wili ʻana i ke kahua, ʻaʻohe pono o PWHT no N08825.
Q: He aha ka metala hoʻopihapiha wili i ʻōlelo ʻia no N08825?
A: Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo AWS A5.14 ERNiCrMo-3 (Inconel 625) a i ʻole ERNiCrMo-10 (Inconel 622) no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana iā N08825. ʻO ka mea hoʻopihapiha kūpono ʻo ERNiCrMo-3. Hoʻohana ʻo Womic iā ERNiCrMo-3 no nā kaʻina hana EFW. No ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kahua, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka mea hoʻopihapiha like.
Q: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo N08825 no ka lawelawe wai kai?
A: ʻAe. Loaʻa iā N08825 ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka pitting a me ka crevice corrosion i loko o ka wai kai, ʻoiai ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i 80°C). Ua koho pinepine ʻia no nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu wai kai ma nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā mea kanu mana kahakai kahi e ʻeha ai ka super duplex (2205) i ka pitting i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe, no ka hapa nui o nā noi wai kai, ua lawa ka duplex a i ʻole super duplex a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai. Mālama pinepine ʻia ʻo N08825 no nā ʻōnaehana wai kai me nā kemika corrosive hou aʻe (e laʻa, wai kai chlorinated, haumia waikawa).
Q: He kūpono anei ʻo N08825 no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa (H₂S)?
A: ʻAe. Ua kūpono ʻo N08825 e like me NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa me nā kaomi hapa H₂S a hiki i ka 1 bar (15 psi) a ʻoi aku, ma muli o ka kaohi paʻakikī. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā paipu downhole, nā laina kahe, a me nā paipu hana i nā kahua aila ʻawaʻawa a me ke kinoea kahi i lawa ʻole ai ka 2205 duplex ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka H₂S a i ʻole nā chlorides.
Q: He aha ka manawa alakaʻi maʻamau no ka paipu welded UNS N08825?
A: 60-75 mau lā no ERW (nā anawaena liʻiliʻi a waena), 75-90 mau lā no EFW/LSAW (nā anawaena nui). ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā manawa alakaʻi ma mua o nā kila kila no ka mea ua hana ʻia ka ʻāpana/papa metala i nā nui liʻiliʻi me nā manawa alakaʻi wili lōʻihi. Hoʻohui ka nānā ʻana o ke kolu o ka ʻaoʻao i 7-14 mau lā. Hiki ke loaʻa nā kauoha wikiwiki (45-60 mau lā) no nā nui maʻamau inā loaʻa nā mea i ka waihona.
Q: He aha ka mahana hana kiʻekiʻe loa no N08825?
A: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo N08825 i ka lawelawe mau a hiki i 550°C (1020°F) ma nā wahi ʻaʻohe waikawa. No ka lawelawe ʻino, ua kaupalena ʻia ka mahana kiʻekiʻe loa e ka corrodent. I loko o ka waikawa sulfuric, ua kaupalena ʻia ka lawelawe i <100°C; i loko o ka waikawa phosphoric i <150°C. No ka lawelawe oxidizing wela kiʻekiʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā alloys me ka chromium kiʻekiʻe (e like me Alloy 600, 601, a i ʻole 625).
Kuhikuhi Papahana - ʻAmelika ʻĀkau Sulfuric Acid Plant Reboiler a me ka Piping Replacement
ʻĀina:ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Louisiana, ke alaloa kemika o ke kahakai ʻo Gulf)
Kūlana & Papa:ASTM B705 UNS N08825 (Incoloy 825)
Nā Ana a me ka Nui:
● OD 219.1mm (8″) × Papa Kuhikuhi 40S (8.18mm WT) – 600 mika (ma kahi o 20 tons) – kaʻina hana EFW
● OD 168.3mm (6″) × Papa Kuhikuhi 40S (7.11mm WT) – 400 mika (ma kahi o 10 tons) – kaʻina hana EFW
● OD 88.9mm (3″) × Papa Kuhikuhi 40S (5.49mm WT) – 800 mika (ma kahi o 8 tons) – kaʻina hana ERW
● OD 60.3mm (2″) × Papa Kuhikuhi 80S (5.54mm WT) – 1,000 mika (ma kahi o 6 tons) – kaʻina hana ERW
Huina:2,800 mika, ma kahi o 44 tone
Nā kikoʻī:ʻO ka hoʻonā ASTM B705 UNS N08825 i hoʻomoʻa ʻia a hoʻomoʻa ʻia, nā wēlau beveled. Hoʻāʻo Hydrostatic. 100% UT no nā paipu EFW, eddy current + UT no ERW. PMI ma kēlā me kēia paipu. Hoʻāʻo corrosion intergranular i koi ʻia e like me ASTM G28 Practice A (ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid method) - ka helu corrosion < 10 mpy (mil i kēlā me kēia makahiki). Hoʻāʻo kū'ē i ka waikawa hydrofluoric (kikoʻī i ka mea kūʻai aku). Nānā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu e SGS USA.
Noi:Hoʻololi ʻia nā paipu reboiler waikawa a me nā laina hana e pili ana i loko o kahi hale hana hoʻoulu hou ʻana o ka waikawa sulfuric. Hoʻōla ka hale hana i ka waikawa sulfuric i hoʻohana ʻia mai nā ʻāpana alkylation (refinery) ma o ka thermal decomposition a me ka reconstitution. Hoʻokele ka paipu i ka waikawa sulfuric wela (85-95% H₂SO₄) ma 150-200°C ma ka ʻāpana reboiler, a me ka waikawa dilute (5-10% H₂SO₄) ma 80-100°C ma ka ʻāpana quench. Ua hāʻule nā paipu Alloy 20 (N08020) ma hope o 4 mau makahiki ma muli o ka intergranular corrosion a me ka haki. Ua koho ʻia ʻo N08825 no kona kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka waikawa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ka dilute, a me kona titanium stabilization.
Nā Pilikia ʻenehana a me nā Hoʻonā:
●ʻAkika sulfuric i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe (85-95%, 150-200°C)– Hoʻopōʻino ka Alloy 20 i nā wikiwiki > 50 mpy ma lalo o kēia mau kūlana. Ua hāʻawi ʻo N08825 me ke kūlana annealed solution a me ka metallurgy kūpono i ka helu corrosion < 5 mpy ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ASTM G28 a ma ka hoʻonā hana hoʻohālike a ka mea kūʻai aku (85% H₂SO₄ ma 180°C, 336 hola). Ua hāʻawi ʻo Womic i nā hōʻike hoʻāʻo wili a me nā coupons hoʻāʻo corrosion.
●Ka pilikia o ka palaho intergranular ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana– ʻOiai ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka titanium o N08825, hiki i ka hoʻokomo wela kūpono ʻole i ka wā o ka hana ʻana ke hana i ka ua ʻana o ka chromium carbide ma nā palena o ka palaoa. Ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka hoʻokomo wela o ka weld i ≤ 1.2 kJ/mm a ua hana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hopena piha ma hope o ka welding. Ua hōʻike ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ASTM G28 ma nā laʻana weld i ka helu corrosion 4-7 mpy (ma lalo loa o ka palena o 10 mpy).
●Ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke kaʻina hana kuʻihao kahua– Pono ka hui mālama hale hana e hana i nā hoʻoponopono kahua. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Womic i 20 mau kūpona weld o 6″ Schedule 40S me WPS i ʻōlelo ʻia: GTAW me ka ERNiCrMo-3 filler, 100% argon backing, interpass ≤ 150°C. Ua hala nā kūpona i ka hoʻāʻo radiographic, PT, a me ASTM G28. Ua hōʻoia ka hui welding o ka mea kūʻai aku i ke kaʻina hana.
●Hōʻoia PMI - e hoʻokaʻawale ana iā N08825 mai nā mea hoʻohui haʻahaʻa– Ka pilikia ma kahi o ke kāwili ʻana iā N08825 me Alloy 825 (UNS like) vs Alloy 625 (ʻano like ʻole). Ua hana ʻo Womic iā XRF ma kēlā me kēia paipu a ua lepili ʻia kēlā me kēia me nā lepili kala (ʻalani no 825). ʻAʻohe huikau i hana ʻia.
●Nā hana hoʻokele i ka wā o ka hoʻololi i hoʻolālā ʻia (pani ʻana no 4 pule)– Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā paipu mai Shanghai a i New Orleans, a laila ua lawe ʻia i ka ukana i kahi o Louisiana. Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā tone 44 a pau he 10 mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Womic i nā palapala hōʻoia no ka wili (EN 10204 Type 3.2) a me nā hōʻike hoʻāʻo palaho ma mua no ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka QA o ka mea kūʻai aku.
Hopena:Ua hoʻomaka hou ʻia ka hale hana hana hou ʻakika ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana. Ma hope o 12 mau mahina o ka hana, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ka nānā ʻana o nā paipu N08825 i ka pala ʻole, ʻaʻohe māwae, a ʻaʻohe hoʻouka kaua intergranular. Ua manaʻo ka mea kūʻai aku e mau ka paipu hou no 15+ mau makahiki (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 4 mau makahiki no Alloy 20). Ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Womic Steel i ka papa inoa mea i ʻae ʻia e ka hale hana no nā pani lawelawe ʻakika e hiki mai ana.
Hoʻokaʻaʻike:
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Womic Steel - ʻO kāu hoa hilinaʻi no nā paipu nickel alloy ASTM B705 UNS N08825 i hoʻopili ʻia no nā hale hana sulfuric a me phosphoric acid, ka hana hou ʻana o ka nukelea, ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa ma waho, a me nā noi wai kai wela kiʻekiʻe ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
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