Paipu kila ASTM A53 Papa B LSAW: Nā hiki ke hana a me nā kikoʻī huahana

Wehewehe Pōkole:

Hāʻawi ʻo Womic Steel i ka paipu kila ASTM A53 Grade B LSAW kiʻekiʻe no ka hoʻoili ʻaila haʻahaʻa a waena, ke kinoea, ka wai, a me ka mahu, a me nā noi kūkulu a me nā mīkini. Hāʻawi ʻo Grade B i ka ikaika hua liʻiliʻi o 240 MPa (35,000 psi) a me ka ikaika tensile liʻiliʻi o 415 MPa (60,200 psi), e lilo ia i papa paipu i kuhikuhi nui ʻia no nā ʻōnaehana paipu ʻoihana a me nā ʻoihana. Hoʻokomo pū ka hana LSAW iā JCOE, UOE, a me nā ʻano hana hoʻopili pā ʻōwili, e hāʻawi ana i kahi humuhumu longitudinal pololei me ka maikaʻi kūlike a me ke kūpaʻa dimensional. No nā noi pā nui a i ʻole ke anawaena kaumaha (a hiki i ka 60mm ka mānoanoa o ka pā), hoʻohana ʻo Womic i ka hoʻopili pā a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka arc submerged multi-pass. ʻO ke anawaena o waho mai 219mm a i 1,422mm (8″ - 56″), ka mānoanoa o ka pā mai 5.0mm a i 60mm, ka lōʻihi a hiki i 24m. Loaʻa ka palapala hōʻoia no ka wili ʻana, ka hoʻāʻo hydro (koho no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana), ka hoʻāʻo ultrasonic 100%, nā wēlau beveled a i ʻole plain, a me ka uhi anti-corrosion (FBE, 3LPE, epoxy). Kūpono no nā laina hoʻolako wai, nā ʻōnaehana ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka hoʻolaha kinoea kūlohelohe haʻahaʻa, nā paipu pale ahi, nā kākoʻo kūkulu, nā piling, a me nā paipu hana ʻoihana.

Ka nui o ka paipu kila LSAW:Anawaena o waho: 219mm – 1,422mm (8″ – 56″), Mānoanoa o ka paia: 5.0mm – 60mm (JCOE/UOE max 50.8mm, papa ʻōwili max 60mm), Loa: 6m – 18m maʻamau, lōʻihi maʻamau a hiki i ka 24m

Kūlana & Papa o ka Paipu Kila LSAW:ASTM A53 Papa B; loaʻa pū kekahi ASTM A53 Papa A; like me ASTM A106 Papa B no ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana (akā e hoʻomaopopo he seamless ʻo A106); API 5L GR.B (like akā ʻaʻole like)

Ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka LSAW Steel Pipe:Ka hoʻoili ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka wai o ke kūlanakauhale, nā laina kinoea kūlohelohe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ma lalo o 2 MPa), nā ʻōnaehana ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, nā paipu apo pale ahi, nā kaapuni wai hoʻoluʻu ʻoihana, ka lawe ʻana i ka slurry, nā kolamu kūkulu a me ke kākoʻo, ka paila no nā ukana māmā a kaulike, nā laina mahu (kaomi haʻahaʻa), ka hoʻoili ʻaila (kaomi haʻahaʻa), nā paipu HVAC

Hāʻawi ʻo Womic Steel i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a hoʻokūkū hoʻi o ka paipu kila ASTM A53 Grade B LSAW, paipu kalapona humuhumu pololei, paipu JCOE A53 GR.B, paipu laina haʻahaʻa, paipu kila kūkulu. Palapala hōʻoia wili EN 10204 3.1, nānā weld UT, nā wēlau beveled/plain, loaʻa ka uhi anti-corrosion. Hoʻolako pololei ka hale hana no nā papahana ʻoihana, kūlanakauhale, a me nā papahana kūkulu ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.


Nā kikoʻī huahana

Nā Lepili Huahana

1. Womic Steel: Nā Mana Hana a me ka Ikaika o ka ʻOihana

Hoʻokele ʻo Womic Steel Group i nā laina hana LSAW he nui no nā paipu ASTM A53 Grade B. ʻO A53 Grade B kekahi o nā kūlana paipu kila kalapona i kuhikuhi pinepine ʻia no ka lawelawe maʻamau. He kūpono ke kaʻina hana LSAW no nā anawaena nui ma ʻō aku o ka laulā o nā wili ERW (maʻamau ʻo ERW i kaupalena ʻia i 24″ a i ʻole 610mm). Hāʻawi nā paipu LSAW a Womic i kahi koho kūpono i ke kumukūʻai no ka paipu seamless i nā anawaena nui.

Laina JCOE:No nā anawaena 406mm - 1,422mm (16″–56″), ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka paia a hiki i ka 50.8mm.

● Laina UOE:No nā anawaena 508mm - 1,220mm (20″–48″), ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka paia a hiki i ka 40mm.

● Pā ʻōwili (Hui Hoʻokahi):No nā anawaena 600mm - 1,600mm (24″–63″), ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka paia a hiki i ka 60mm.

ʻOi aku ka nui o ka mana LSAW ma mua o 300,000 tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me ka hana ʻana o A53 Grade B ma mua o 120,000 tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Loaʻa iā Womic Steel ka ISO 9001, a hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi i ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu e SGS, BV, TÜV. He moʻolelo kaulana honua ma nā papahana wai kūlanakauhale, ʻoihana, a me nā papahana kūkulu.

Ka Hoʻololi Hana no ka Papa B A53:

● JCOE: 406–1,422mm OD × 5.0–50.8mm WT × ≤ 18m

● UOE: 508–1,220mm OD × 5.0–40.0mm WT × ≤ 24m

● Papa ʻōwili: 600–1,600mm OD × 25–60mm WT × ≤ 12m

Hiki ke hoʻolako ʻia nā paipu me ka uhi primer (zinc-rich epoxy), hot-dip galvanizing, a i ʻole 3LPE/FBE ma ke noi.

2. ASTM A53 Papa B: Nā ʻano hana a me nā ʻano hana

ʻO ASTM A53 Papa B kahi papa kila kalapona no ka paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ka paipu seamless. Uhi ia i ʻekolu ʻano: ʻAno F (umu butt welded), ʻAno E (uila kū'ē welded - ERW), a me ʻAno S (seamless). No nā paipu LSAW, kuhikuhi mākou i ke ʻano E a i ʻole ʻAno S? ʻO LSAW ka submerged arc welded, ʻaʻole i uhi pono ʻia e A53, akā ʻae ʻo A53 i nā kaʻina hana hoʻopaʻa ʻē aʻe ke ʻaelike ʻia. I ka hana maoli, ʻae ʻia nā paipu A53 Papa B LSAW no ka lawelawe wai hoʻonohonoho a me ke kaomi haʻahaʻa e pili ana i nā waiwai mechanical.

Ka Hoʻohui Kemika (max % ma ka nuipa no ASTM A53, Papa B):

ʻElemene Papa B ASTM A53 (max%) ʻO Womic Typical
C 0.30 0.20-0.25
Mn 1.20 0.80-1.10
P 0.050 ≤ 0.030
S 0.045 ≤ 0.025
Si ʻAʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia 0.15-0.35

Nā Waiwai Mekanika (Mahana o ka Lumi e like me ASTM A53):

Waiwai Papa B o ASTM A53
Ikaika Hāʻawi (min) 240 MPa (35,000 psi)
Ikaika Hoʻopaʻa (min) 415 MPa (60,200 psi)
Elongation (min) - no LSAW (longitudinal strip) 21% (no ke anawaena 50mm)

Hoʻohālikelike me API 5L GR.B a me A106 GR.B:

Kūlana Maʻamau Papa MPa hua MPa huki Noi
ASTM A53 Papa B 240 415 ʻO ka lawelawe laulā, ka wai, ke kinoea, ke kūkulu ʻana
API 5L GR.B 245 415 Paipu laina (like, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hua)
ASTM A106 Papa B 240 415 ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana humuhumu (nā waiwai like)

ʻO ke ʻano o ka A53 Grade B ua like ia me ka API 5L GR.B a me ka A106 Grade B ma nā waiwai mechanical, akā he ʻokoʻa ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i ka noi o kēlā me kēia maʻamau.

3. Ka laulā Ana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana

Mea Nā kikoʻī
Kūlana Maʻamau ASTM A53 Papa B (ʻAno E - ERW, akā ua ʻae ʻia ʻo LSAW ma ke kuʻikahi)
Nā Kaʻina Hana Hana JCOE, UOE, pā i ʻōwili ʻia
Ka laulā o ke anawaena o waho 219mm – 1,422mm (8″ – 56″)
Pae Mānoanoa o ka Paia 5.0mm – 60mm (JCOE/UOE max 50.8mm, papa ʻōwili max 60mm)
Ka laulā lōʻihi Kūlana maʻamau: 6m, 12m, 18m; Hoʻolōʻihi ʻia: a hiki i 24m
Hoʻopau i ka hoʻopau ʻana Pau Maʻemaʻe (PE), Pau Beveled (BE), Threaded (ma ke noi ʻana, nā nui palena)
Hoʻopau ʻili ʻŌlohelohe (ʻaila ʻia), ʻEleʻele, Uhi ʻia me ka primer, Galvanized hoʻoluʻu wela, 3LPE, FBE
Nā Hoʻomanawanui (ASTM A53) OD: ±0.5% no ka paipu, ±0.75% no ka paipu; WT: -0% / +15%; Lōʻihi: ±25mm no nā ʻoki maʻamau

4. Nā Ana a me nā Kikoʻī i Loaʻa - Paipu Kila ASTM A53 Papa B LSAW (Nā Nui Maʻamau i Koho ʻia)

OD (mm) Nā Koho WT (mm) Kaʻina Hana Kaumaha Kokoke (kg/m) Lōʻihi Maʻamau Hoʻohana Maʻamau
219 5.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0 JCOE 26.4 – 51.5 12m Wai nui
273 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5 JCOE 39.5 – 80.1 12m / 18m Ka hoʻolaha kinoea
324 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 14.0 JCOE 47.1 – 107.1 12m / 18m Hoʻoluʻolu ʻoihana
406 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0 JCOE/UOE 59.2 – 153.9 12m / 18m Palekana ahi
508 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 20.0 UOE 98.6 – 240.7 12m / 18m / 24m Wai kūlanakauhale
610 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 20.0, 25.0 UOE 148.0 – 360.7 12m / 18m / 24m Koluma kūkulu
711 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0 JCOE/UOE 215.3 – 503.8 12m / 18m Ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia
813 14.0, 16.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0 JCOE 275.9 – 671.4 12m / 18m Hoʻopili ʻana
914 16.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0 JCOE/ʻōwili ʻia 354.4 – 862.0 12m Kaʻina hana ʻoihana
1,016 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 50.0 ʻōwili ʻia 491.3 – 1,191.7 12m ʻAno kūkulu kaumaha
1,220 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 50.0, 60.0 ʻōwili ʻia 736.5 – 1,716.9 12m Ka wai nui

No ka lawelawe wai, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka hoʻāʻo hydrostatic akā ʻaʻole koi ʻia e like me ASTM A53 no nā noi āpau. Hiki iā Womic ke hana i ka hydrotest ma ke noi.

5. Nā Kūlana Maʻamau a me nā Papa - Paipu Haʻahaʻa a me ke Kūkulu

Kūlana Maʻamau Nā Papa kila Hoʻohana Maʻamau
ASTM A53 Papa B ʻO ka lawelawe laulā, ka wai, ke kinoea, ka ea, ka mahu
ASTM A106 Papa B ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana humuhumu (nā waiwai like)
API 5L GR.B Paipu laina no ka ʻaila/kinoea/wai
ASTM A500 Papa B Nā paipu kūkulu (kemika ʻokoʻa iki)
EN 10219 S275JRH Nā ʻāpana hakahaka kūkulu ʻEulopa

Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo hoʻohana:Nā paipu wai kūlanakauhale, kinoea haʻahaʻa, pale ahi, ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, wai hoʻolulu, nā kolamu kūkulu, pili, nā paipu ʻoihana.

6. Kaʻina Hana Hana - LSAW no ka Paipu ASTM A53 Papa B

No ka A53 Papa B, ua like ke kaʻina hana me nā paipu LSAW ʻē aʻe akā me nā koi hoʻāʻo ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka API 5L PSL2.

Kaʻina Hana Papa ʻŌwili JCOE / UOE / (e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma nā huahana ma mua):

● Nānā ʻana i ka pā (kemika, tensile)

● Wili lihi

● Hoʻokumu ʻana iā JCO a i ʻole UO

● Kuʻihao SAW (loko a me waho)

● Hoʻonui mīkini (koho)

● Hoʻāʻo Ultrasonic (weld seam - kiko a i ʻole 100% e like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia)

● Hoʻāʻo hydrostatic (inā koi ʻia ma ke kauoha)

● Hoʻopau hope (maʻemaʻe a beveled paha)

● Uhi ʻana (inā i kuhikuhi ʻia)

Nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi mai API 5L:

● ʻAʻohe hoʻāʻo hopena i koi ʻia (Charpy) ke ʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia

● ʻAʻohe hoʻāʻo paʻakikī i koi ʻia

● Nā koi NDT ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī (ʻae pinepine ʻia ka UT kiko)

● Kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa ma muli o ke ʻano hoʻāʻo maʻalahi

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7. Nā Kaʻina Hana Hoʻomalu a me ka Hoʻāʻo ʻana no ka Paipu Kila ASTM A53 Papa B LSAW

Kahua ʻAno Nānā Kumu
Ka Nānā Kemika E hōʻoia iā C ≤ 0.30%, Mn ≤ 1.20%, P ≤ 0.050%, S ≤ 0.045%
Hoʻāʻo Tensile E hōʻoia i ka hua ≥ 240 MPa, tensile ≥ 415 MPa
Ke Kaʻina Hana Nei Ana E hōʻoia i ka mālama ʻana iā OD, WT
Humuhumu Weld Hoʻāʻo Ultrasonic (kiko a i ʻole 100% no kēlā me kēia kauoha) ʻIke i nā hemahema o ka wili ʻana
Humuhumu Weld ʻIke maka a/a i ʻole MPI (koho) Nā māwae ʻili
Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia Hoʻāʻo Hydrostatic (koho - no kēlā me kēia kauoha) Ka kūpaʻa o ke kaomi
Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia Hoʻāʻo Hoʻopālahalaha (no ka ductility weld) ʻAʻohe māwae
Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia Hoʻāʻo Kūlou Alakaʻi (weld) Ka ductility weld
Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia ʻIke a me ka Ana ʻIli, pololei, māka

No nā noi lawelawe wai a me ke kinoea, ʻae ka nui o nā mea kūʻai aku i ka nānā kiko UT (10-20%) a ʻaʻohe hydrotest, e hilinaʻi nei i ka palapala hōʻoia o ka wili.

8. Nā Noi Kumu - Paipu Kila ASTM A53 Papa B LSAW

Ka hoʻoili wai o ke kūlanakauhale– Nā paipu wai inu, nā laina wai maka

● Ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ke kinoea kūlohelohe haʻahaʻa ...– Nā laina kinoea a hiki i ka 2 MPa

● Nā ʻōnaehana pale ahi– Nā paipu ahi ma nā hale hana ʻoihana

● Nā kaapuni wai hoʻoluʻu ʻoihana– Nā hale hana mana, nā hale hana

● Nā ʻōnaehana ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia– Ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ea o nā mea kanu

● Nā kolamu kūkulu a me nā kākoʻo– Nā mōlina hale, nā ʻūpā paipu

● Ke kūkulu ʻana i nā paila no nā ukana māmā a kaulike– Nā puʻu kahua

● Ka lawe ʻana i ka lepo- Ke kālai ʻana a me ka ʻeli ʻana (ʻaʻole e ʻinoʻino)

● Nā laina mahu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa– Nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana

● Hoʻoili ʻaila (kaomi haʻahaʻa)- Ke hōʻiliʻili nei i nā laina

9. Hoʻopili a me ka hoʻouna ʻana - Paipu kila LSAW ASTM A53 Papa B

ʻO ia hoʻi ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka LSAW maʻamau. No nā paipu galvanized, pono e mālama pono ʻia e pale aku i ke kahakaha ʻia. No nā hoʻopili ʻana i ka laina wai, ua paipai ʻia nā pāpale hope polyethylene e pale aku i ke komo ʻana o nā ʻōpala.

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10. Nā Pōmaikaʻi o Womic Steel & FAQ - ASTM A53 Grade B LSAW Steel Pipe

No ke aha ʻo Womic Steel no ka A53 Papa B?

ʻO ke anawaena nui LSAW a hiki i 56″ - ma mua o ka mana ERW

He koho kūpono no ka paipu humuhumu ʻole

Hoʻololi wikiwiki (maʻamau 20-30 mau lā)

Nā koho uhi palupalu (3LPE, FBE, galvanized, primer)

Loaʻa ka nānā ʻana mai ka ʻaoʻao ʻekolu

Nā Nīnau i Nīnau Pinepine ʻia:

Q: He kūpono anei ʻo ASTM A53 Grade B no nā laina wai?
ʻAe, ʻo ia ke kūlana maʻamau no ka hoʻoili ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wai o ke kūlanakauhale. No ka wai inu, e hōʻoia i ka kūpono o ka uhi ʻana a i ʻole ka uhi ʻana (manaʻo ʻia ka uhi epoxy). No ka wai maka a i ʻole ka hoʻoinu wai, ua ʻae ʻia ka paipu maʻemaʻe.

Q: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka paipu A53 Grade B LSAW no ke kinoea kūlohelohe?
A: ʻAe, no ka hoʻolaha haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ma lalo o 2 MPa). No nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo API 5L GR.B a i ʻole X42. E nānā mau i nā code kūloko.

Q: He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ASTM A53 Grade B a me API 5L GR.B?
A: Loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai mechanical like (240 MPa vs 245 MPa yield). ʻOi aku ka paʻa o nā palena kemika o ka API 5L (haʻahaʻa P, S) a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana no nā noi paipu laina. No ka wai maʻamau a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano, ua lawa ka A53. No nā paipu aila a me ke kinoea, makemake ʻia ka API 5L.

Q: Pono anei ʻo A53 i ka hoʻāʻo hydrostatic?
A: Pono ʻo ASTM A53 i ka hoʻāʻo hydrostatic no ka paipu seamless (ʻAno S) a no ka paipu ERW (ʻAno E) ke kuhikuhi ʻia. No nā paipu LSAW i hana ʻia i A53, hana pinepine ʻia ka hydrotest inā kuhikuhi ʻia ke kauoha. ʻAʻole ʻae ka nui o nā noi wai kūkulu a me ke kaomi haʻahaʻa i ka hydrotest.

Q: Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolako i ka A53 Grade B me ka galvanizing wela?
A: ʻAe. Hāʻawi mākou i ka galvanizing hoʻoluʻu wela e like me ASTM A123. ʻO ka lōʻihi hoʻokahi kiʻekiʻe he 12.5m. No nā paipu lōʻihi, paipai mākou i ka galvanizing sectional a i ʻole ka uhi primer.

Q: He aha ka manawa alakaʻi maʻamau no ka paipu A53 Grade B LSAW?
A: 20-30 mau lā no nā nui maʻamau. No nā anawaena nui a i ʻole ka pā kaumaha, 35-45 mau lā.

Kuhikuhi Papahana - Ke Kahua Hoʻoili Wai o ke Kaona ʻo Texas (USA)

ʻĀina:ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Texas, ʻāpana ʻo Houston)
Kūlana & Papa:ASTM A53 Papa B (ʻAno E - LSAW)
Nā Ana a me ka Nui:

OD 914mm (36″) × WT 9.5mm – 24,000 mika (ma kahi o 5,400 tons) – JCOE

OD 1,067mm (42″) × WT 10.0mm – 18,000 mika (ma kahi o 4,700 tons) – pā i ʻōwili ʻia
Huina:42,000 mika (42 km), ma kahi o 10,100 tone

Nā kikoʻī:Nā wēlau maʻemaʻe me ke awāwa gasket laholio, ka uhi 3LPE waho (2.5mm), ka uhi epoxy kūloko (400 microns) no ka wai inu. Hoʻāʻo palahalaha, hoʻāʻo kūlou alakaʻi, 100% UT o ke kuʻi weld. ʻAʻohe hoʻāʻo hydrostatic (ua ʻae ʻia ka wili NDT me ka hoʻāʻo kaomi kahua e ka mea kūʻai aku). Nānā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu e SGS USA.

Noi:ʻO ke kumu hoʻoili wai maka mai Lake Houston a i kahi hale hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai hou, e lawelawe ana i kahi ʻāpana suburban e ulu ana ma ka ʻākau o Houston. Kaomi hana 0.8 MPa. Lepo: lepo a me ke one me ka hiki ke pala.

Nā Pilikia ʻenehana a me nā Hoʻonā:

Ka uhi o loko o ka wai inu:Ua hala ka uhi ʻepoxy (400 microns) i ka NSF/ANSI 61.

ʻO ka uhi waho 3LPE no ka lepo ʻino:3LPE me ka FBE primer, ʻike ʻana i ka lā hoʻomaha ma 5kV me ka ʻole o nā hemahema. Ikaika ʻili ma 25°C: 220 N/cm.

Nā hui gasket laholio (ʻākoakoa kahua):Hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻomanawanui OD ±0.3% (maoli 0.2-0.3%).

Logistics i nā pālahalaha kūkulu he nui:Ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka manawa kūpono ma luna o 4 mau mahina.

● Hopena:Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka paipu i ka hapaha 2 o 2024. Ua hala ka hoʻāʻo kaomi ma 1.2 MPa. ʻAʻohe leaka ma hope o 6 mau mahina. Ua kauoha ka mea kūʻai aku i 25 km hou no ka Pae 2.

Hoʻokaʻaʻike:
Pūnaewele: www.womicsteel.com
Leka uila: sales@womicsteel.com

Kelepona / WhatsApp / WeChat:
Lanakila: +86 15575100681
ʻO Jack: +86 18390957568

ʻO Womic Steel - ʻO kāu hoa hilinaʻi no nā paipu kila ASTM A53 Grade B LSAW no ka hoʻoili wai, ka hoʻolaha kinoea, ka pale ahi, a me nā noi kūkulu ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.