1. Womic Steel: Nā Hiki Hana a me ka Ikaika o ka ʻOihana API 5L X52 ERW Steel Pipe
He mea hana mua ʻo Womic Steel Group a he mea hoʻopuka aku ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa me ka ʻoi aku o 20 mau makahiki o ka ʻike loea i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana tubular kalapona, alloy, a me ke kila kila. ʻO kā mākou hale hana hana paipu ERW kiʻekiʻe loa e uhi ana i kahi hiki ke hana piha ma mua o 15,000 tons i kēlā me kēia mahina no nā paipu kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ke kūpaʻa uila.
Ka laulā nui o ka hana no ka paipu ERW X52:ʻO ke anawaena waho mai 60.3mm a i 610mm (2 ʻīniha a i 24 ʻīniha) me ka mānoanoa o ka paia mai 4.0mm a i 19.1mm (Papa Kuhikuhi 10 a i Papa Kuhikuhi 80). Loaʻa nā lōʻihi hoʻokahi o 6m, nā lōʻihi pālua o 12m, a i ʻole nā lōʻihi maʻamau e like me ka mea e pono ai.
Nā Palapala Hōʻoia Kūlana a me ka Hoʻokō ʻana i nā Hoʻoponopono:
Hōʻoia ʻia ʻo ISO 9001:2015:ʻŌnaehana hoʻokele maikaʻi e hōʻoia ana i ka maikaʻi mau o ka huahana ma nā hana āpau.
Laikini Monogram API 5L:Ua ʻae ʻia e hana i ka paipu laina API 5L, e hōʻike ana i ke kūpaʻa i nā kūlana ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe loa no nā paipu hoʻoili aila a me ke kinoea.
Ka Hōʻailona CE (PED 2014/68/EU):Hoʻokō me ke Kauoha Lako Hana Kaomi ʻEulopa no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻalahi ʻana i nā dute ma loko o EEA. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo DoP no nā mea like EN.
Palapala Hōʻoia EN 10204 3.2:Palapala Hōʻoia Nānā 3.2 i hōʻoia ʻia e TÜV, LR, BV, a i ʻole SGS no nā papahana koʻikoʻi e pono ai ka hiki ke huli piha ʻia.
Nā ʻae ʻia e ka Nānā ʻAoʻao ʻEkolu (TPI):Nā huahana a me nā kaʻina hana i ʻāpono ʻia e SGS, BV, ABS, LR, DNV, GL, a me TÜV no nā papahana ma waho i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka hui hoʻokaʻawale.
Nā Palapala Hōʻoia ʻē aʻe:ISO 14001, ISO 45001, NORSOK M-650, NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 no nā noi lawelawe ʻawaʻawa.
Nā ʻae kūikawā no ka mea kūʻai aku:Nā loiloi hale hana maʻamau no nā mea hana ʻaelike EPC nui, nā NOC, a me nā ʻoihana ikehu honua.
Hoʻomaopopo Honua:He mea hoʻolako hilinaʻi ʻo Womic Steel i nā ʻoihana ikehu Fortune 500 a me nā ʻaelike EPC honua, e lawelawe ana ma mua o 80 mau ʻāina ma Asia Hikina Hema, ʻEulopa, ka Hikina Waena, ʻApelika, a me ʻAmelika.
2. Paipu kila API 5L X52 ERW: ʻAno o ka Hoʻohuihui Mea a me nā ʻAno Hana
ʻO ka API 5L X52 (i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo L360 ma lalo o ISO 3183) he papa kila paipu laina ikaika kiʻekiʻe i hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia no nā paipu hoʻoili aila a me ke kinoea. Hōʻike ka "X" iā "X42, X52, X65" e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika hua liʻiliʻi loa ma kilopounds no ka ʻīniha kuea (KSI). No laila, ʻo ka ikaika hua liʻiliʻi loa o X52 he 52,000 psi (ma kahi o 360 MPa). Hōʻike ka hōʻailona "L360" ma lalo o ke kūlana ISO i ka mea like me ka ikaika hua o 360 MPa.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā papa haʻahaʻa e like me GR.B (35,000 psi yield) a me X42 (42,000 psi yield), hāʻawi ʻo X52 i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe me ka mālama ʻana i ka weldability maikaʻi loa a me ka paʻakikī. ʻO kēia kaulike e hoʻolilo iā X52 i papa i kuhikuhi nui ʻia no nā papahana pipeline onshore a me offshore pressure waena ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Hāʻawi ʻo X52 i ka hana kūpono no nā pipelines e hana ana ma nā kaomi a hiki i ka 1,500 psi, ma muli o ka mānoanoa o ka paia a me ke ʻano o ke anawaena.
Paipu kila API 5L X52 ERW ʻAno Kemika (Loiloi Ladle, % ma ke kaumaha):
| ʻElemene | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | Cu | Nb | V | Ti | Al |
| PSL1 Max % | 0.28 | — | 1.40 | 0.030 | 0.030 | — | — | — | — | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.04 | — |
| PSL2 Max % | 0.24 | 0.45 | 1.40 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.060 |
*Nānā: ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o nā koi PSL2 me nā palena haʻahaʻa o ke kalapona, phosphorus, a me ka sulfur. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea micro-alloying (Niobium, Vanadium, Titanium) e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke ʻano o ka palaoa a hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa. Pono pū ʻo PSL2 i nā waiwai like kalapona i kāohi ʻia (CE): CE(IIW) ≤ 0.43% no ka seamless a me ≤ 0.43% no nā paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mānoanoa o ka paia ≤ 19mm.*
Paipu kila API 5L X52 ERW Nā Waiwai Mekanika (Mahana o ka Lumi):
| Waiwai | Koi PSL1 | Koi PSL2 |
| Ikaika Hua (ReH / Rt0.5) | 52,000 - 77,000 psi (360 - 530 MPa) | 52,000 - 77,000 psi (360 - 530 MPa) |
| Ikaika Hoʻopaʻa (Rm) | ≥ 66,000 psi (≥ 460 MPa) | ≥ 66,000 psi (≥ 460 MPa) |
| Lākiō (Yield/Tensile) | ʻAʻohe palena kikoʻī | ≤ 0.93 |
| Elongation (A min) | I helu ʻia no kēlā me kēia haʻilula | I helu ʻia no kēlā me kēia haʻilula |
| Paʻakikī (HRC / HV) | ʻAʻohe koi | ≤ 27 HRC / ≤ 250 HV10 |
*Nānā: Hoʻokau ʻo PSL2 i nā koi hou aʻe e pili ana i ka lakio yield-to-tensile kiʻekiʻe loa o 0.93, nā palena paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe loa no nā noi lawelawe ʻawaʻawa, a me nā waiwai paʻakikī hopena Charpy V-Notch i hoʻonui ʻia. No PSL2, ʻo ka ikehu hopena liʻiliʻi loa he 40J (awelika) a me 30J (pākahi) ma 0°C no ke kino paipu, ka weld, a me HAZ.*
Paipu kila API 5L X52 ERW Nā Waiwai Hopena Haʻahaʻa-Mahana (Charpy V-Notch) - PSL2:
| Kahi Hoʻāʻo | Mahana | Ikehu awelika (Min) | Ikehu pilikino (Min) |
| Kino Paipu (Lōʻihi) | 0°C | 40 Joules | 30 Joules |
| Metala Welded (Transverse) | 0°C | 40 Joules | 30 Joules |
| Ka ʻĀpana i Hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka Wela (HAZ) | 0°C | 40 Joules | 30 Joules |
| Koho lawelawe ʻawaʻawa | -10°C a i ʻole ka emi mai | E like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia | E like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia |
*Nānā: No nā noi lawelawe ʻawaʻawa (ke kū'ē ʻana o HIC/SSC), koi ʻia ka hoʻāʻo hopena ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa (-10°C, -20°C, a i ʻole -46°C) a me nā kapu paʻakikī hou aʻe (≤ 22 HRC / ≤ 248 HV10) e like me ka Annex H o API 5L.*
Paipu kila API 5L X52 ERW Nā Palena like o ke Kalapona (PSL2):
| Mānoanoa o ka paia | CE (IIW) Kiʻekiʻe loa | Ka palena kiʻekiʻe o CET |
| t ≤ 19mm (0.748") | 0.43% | 0.25% |
| 19mm < t ≤ 40mm (1.575") | 0.43% | 0.25% |
| t > 40mm | Ma ka ʻaelike | Ma ka ʻaelike |
Hoʻomaopopo: Hōʻoia ka like kalapona haʻahaʻa i ka hiki ke hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia i nā kūlana kahua me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomehana mua ʻana no ka hapa nui o nā mānoanoa o ka paia, e hōʻemi ana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻonohonoho a me ka manawa.
3. API 5L X52 ERW Steel Pipe Ana & Hoʻokō Kūlana
Hoʻolako ʻo Womic Steel i nā paipu API 5L X52 ERW ma kahi ākea ākea, e kūlike piha ana me nā kūlana API 5L 46th Edition a me ISO 3183.
| Mea | Nā kikoʻī |
| Kūlana Maʻamau | API 5L Paʻi 46 / ISO 3183 |
| Pae Kikoʻī Huahana | PSL1 (Maʻamau) / PSL2 (Hoʻonui ʻia) |
| Papa | X52 (L360) |
| Kaʻina Hana Hana | Kuʻihao Pale Uila (ERW) / Kuʻihao Alapine Kiʻekiʻe (HFW) |
| Ka laulā o ke anawaena o waho | 60.3mm – 610mm (2 ʻīniha – 24 ʻīniha) |
| Pae Mānoanoa o ka Paia | 4.0mm – 19.1mm (Papa Kuhikuhi 10 – Papa Kuhikuhi 80) |
| Ka lōʻihi | 6m (SR), 12m (DR), a i ʻole nā lōʻihi maʻamau a hiki i 18m |
| Hoʻopau i ka hoʻopau ʻana | Pau Maʻemaʻe (PE) / Pau Beveled (BE) / Threaded & Coupled (T&C) |
| Hoʻopau ʻili | ʻŌlohelohe / ʻAila ʻia / ʻEleʻele i uhi ʻia / 3PE / FBE / Galvanized |
4. Nā Ana a me nā Kikoʻī i Loaʻa - Paipu Kila ERW
| NB | Ka nui | OD mm | SCH40S mm | SCH5S mm | SCH10S mm | SCH10 mm | SCH20 mm | SCH40 mm | SCH60 mm | XS/80S mm | SCH80 mm | SCH100 mm | SCH120 mm | SCH140 mm | SCH160 mm | SCHXXS mm |
| 6 | 1/8” | 10.29 | 1.24 | 1.73 | 2.41 | |||||||||||
| 8 | 1/4” | 13.72 | 1.65 | 2.24 | 3.02 | |||||||||||
| 10 | 3/8” | 17.15 | 1.65 | 2.31 | 3.20 | |||||||||||
| 15 | 1/2” | 21.34 | 2.77 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.77 | 3.73 | 3.73 | 4.78 | 7.47 | ||||||
| 20 | 3/4” | 26.67 | 2.87 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.87 | 3.91 | 3.91 | 5.56 | 7.82 | ||||||
| 25 | 1” | 33.40 | 3.38 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.38 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 6.35 | 9.09 | ||||||
| 32 | 1 1/4” | 42.16 | 3.56 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.56 | 4.85 | 4.85 | 6.35 | 9.70 | ||||||
| 40 | 1 1/2” | 48.26 | 3.68 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.68 | 5.08 | 5.08 | 7.14 | 10.15 | ||||||
| 50 | 2” | 60.33 | 3.91 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.91 | 5.54 | 5.54 | 9.74 | 11.07 | ||||||
| 65 | 2 1/2” | 73.03 | 5.16 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.16 | 7.01 | 7.01 | 9.53 | 14.02 | ||||||
| 80 | 3” | 88.90 | 5.49 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.49 | 7.62 | 7.62 | 11.13 | 15.24 | ||||||
| 90 | 3 1/2” | 101.60 | 5.74 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.74 | 8.08 | 8.08 | ||||||||
| 100 | 4” | 114.30 | 6.02 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 6.02 | 8.56 | 8.56 | 11.12 | 13.49 | 17.12 | |||||
| 125 | 5” | 141.30 | 6.55 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 6.55 | 9.53 | 9.53 | 12.70 | 15.88 | 19.05 | |||||
| 150 | 6” | 168.27 | 7.11 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 7.11 | 10.97 | 10.97 | 14.27 | 18.26 | 21.95 | |||||
| 200 | 8” | 219.08 | 8.18 | 2.77 | 3.76 | 6.35 | 8.18 | 10.31 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 20.62 | 23.01 | 22.23 | |
| 250 | 10” | 273.05 | 9.27 | 3.40 | 4.19 | 6.35 | 9.27 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 25.40 | |
| 300 | 12” | 323.85 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.57 | 6.35 | 10.31 | 14.27 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 33.32 | 25.40 | |
| 350 | 14” | 355.60 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 11.13 | 15.09 | 12.70 | 19.05 | 23.83 | 27.79 | 31.75 | 35.71 | |
| 400 | 16” | 406.40 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 16.66 | 12.70 | 21.44 | 26.19 | 30.96 | 36.53 | 40.49 | |
| 450 | 18” | 457.20 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 14.27 | 19.05 | 12.70 | 23.83 | 29.36 | 34.93 | 39.67 | 45.24 | |
| 500 | 20” | 508.00 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 15.09 | 20.62 | 12.70 | 26.19 | 32.54 | 38.10 | 44.45 | 50.01 | |
| 550 | 22” | 558.80 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 22.23 | 12.70 | 28.58 | 34.93 | 41.28 | 47.63 | 53.98 | ||
| 600 | 24” | 609.60 | 9.53 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 17.48 | 24.61 | 12.70 | 30.96 | 38.89 | 46.02 | 52.37 | 59.54 | |
| 650 | 26” | 660.40 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 |
Nānā: Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka mānoanoa o ka paia ma muli o ke anawaena o ka paipu a me ka hiki ke hana. Loaʻa nā ana maʻamau ma waho o kēia pae ma ke noi ʻana.
5. Nā Kūlana Paipu Kila ERW maʻamau i hana ʻia e Womic Steel
| Kūlana Maʻamau | Nā Papa Maʻamau | Hoʻohana Maʻamau |
| API 5L (Kuhikuhi no ka Paipu Laina) | ||
| API 5L PSL1 / PSL2 | GR.B, X42, X52, X60, X65, X70 | ʻO ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea, nā paipu uka/waho |
| Paipu Laina ASTM a me ka Paipu Kūkulu | ||
| ASTM A53 (Kikokikona no ka Paipu, Kila, ʻEleʻele a me ka Wela-Ipu ʻia, Uhi ʻia me ka Zinc, Welded a me ka Seamless) | GR.A, GR.B | Wai, kinoea, mahu, ea, nā noi kūkulu |
| ASTM A135 (Kuhikuhi no ka Paipu Kila i Hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ke Kūʻē Uila) | GR.A, GR.B | Wai, kinoea, mahu, nā lawelawe hoʻomaʻemaʻe |
| ASTM A252 (Kuhikuhi no nā Pile Paipu Kila Welded a Seamless) | GR.1, GR.2, GR.3 | Hoʻopili kahua, hoʻopili kai, kahua alahaka |
| ASTM A500 (Kuhikuhi no ka Paipu Kūkulu Kila Kalapona i Hoʻopaʻa Anu ʻia a me ka Seamless) | GR.A, GR.B, GR.C | Nā paipu kūkulu, nā mōlina hale, nā alahaka |
| ASTM A501 (Kuhikuhi no ka Paipu Kūkulu Kila Kalapona Welded a Seamless i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka wela) | GR.A, GR.B | Nā noi kūkulu kaumaha, nā kolamu, nā trusses |
| Mea Hoʻololi Wela a me ka Paipu ASTM (ERW) | ||
| ASTM A178 (Kuhikuhi no ke kila kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ke kūpaʻa uila a me nā paipu paila kila kalapona-Manganese) | Papa A, C, D | Nā paipu paila, nā paipu superheater |
| ASTM A214 (Kuhikuhi no ka Mea Hoʻololi Wela Kalapona Kila Uila-Paʻa-Uila a me nā Paipu Condenser) | — | Nā mea hoʻololi wela, nā mea hoʻohuihui |
| ASTM A250 (Kuhikuhi no nā paipu paila kila Ferritic Alloy Steel Boiler a me Superheater i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ke kūpaʻa uila) | T1, T2, T5, T9, T11, T22 | ʻO ka paila wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka superheater |
| ASTM A334 (Kuhikuhi no nā Paipu Kila Kalapona a me Alloy Seamless a Welded no ka lawelawe Haʻahaʻa-Mahana) | GR.1, GR.3, GR.6 | Hana lawelawe haʻahaʻa wela, cryogenic |
| Nā Kūlana EN / DIN / BS | ||
| EN 10217-1 (Nā paipu kila i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no nā kumu kaomi - Nā paipu kila ʻaʻole me nā waiwai mahana lumi i kuhikuhi ʻia) | P235TR1, P265TR1 | Nā ipu kaomi, nā pahu paila, nā paipu kaomi kiʻekiʻe |
| EN 10217-2 (Nā paipu kila i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no nā kumu kaomi - Nā paipu kila ʻole-alloy a me nā paipu kila alloy me nā waiwai mahana kiʻekiʻe i kuhikuhi ʻia) | P235GH, P265GH, P295GH, P355GH | Mahana kiʻekiʻe, nā paipu paila, nā mea hoʻololi wela |
| EN 10219-1 (Nā ʻāpana hakahaka kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻokumu anu ʻia no nā kumu kūkulu) | S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H | Nā noi kūkulu, ke kūkulu hale ʻana, nā alahaka |
| EN 10210 (Nā ʻāpana hakahaka hoʻolālā wela i hoʻopau ʻia o nā kila ʻaʻole-alloy a me nā kila palaoa maikaʻi) | S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H S420MH, S460MH | Nā ʻāpana hakahaka seamless/welded i hana wela ʻia no nā kumu kūkulu, ke kūkulu hale ʻana, nā alahaka |
| EN 10025-2 (Nā huahana ʻōwili wela o nā kila kūkulu - Nā kila kūkulu ʻaʻole i hoʻohuihui ʻia) | S235JR, S275JR, S355JR, | Hana kila kūkulu laulā, ʻenekinia kīwila |
| EN 10255 (Nā paipu kila ʻaʻole i hoʻohuihui ʻia i kūpono no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ke kaula ʻana) | S195T, S235JRTH | Wai, kinoea, wai ʻino, nā ʻōnaehana paipu wili |
| EN 10305-2 (Nā paipu kila no nā noi kikoʻī - Nā paipu i huki anu ʻia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia) | E215, E235, E355 | Nā noi kikoʻī, nā paukūʻoloka hydraulic |
| BS 1387 (Kuhikuhi no nā paipu kila a me nā tubular i wili ʻia a me nā socketed) | Papa A, B, C | Wai, kinoea, mahu, ʻilikai, paipu wili |
| DIN 2458 (Nā paipu kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā mea hoʻopili - Nā kūlana hoʻouna loea laulā) | St37.0, St44.0, St52.0 | Nā paipu kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia maʻamau, nā noi kūkulu |
| ISO a me nā Kūlana ʻē aʻe | ||
| ISO 3183 (ʻOihana ʻaila a me ke kinoea kūlohelohe - Paipu kila no nā ʻōnaehana halihali paipu) | L245, L290, L360, L415 | Nā paipu ʻaila a me ke kinoea (like ka ISO me API 5L) |
| ISO 65 (Nā paipu kila no ka wai, ke kinoea, a me ka wai hoʻokahe - Nā paipu wili) | Waena, Kaumaha | Wai, kinoea, wai hoʻoheheʻe, paipu wili |
| CSA G40.21 (Kila kūlana kūkulu - kūlana Kanada) | 44W, 50W | Nā noi kūkulu (Kanada) |
| AS 1163 (Nā ʻāpana hakahaka kila kūkulu - kūlana maʻamau o ʻAukekulelia) | C250, C350, C450 | Nā ʻāpana hakahaka kūkulu (ʻAukekulelia) |
| GOST 10706 (Nā paipu kila i hoʻopili ʻia no nā pipelines a me nā hale - ke kūlana Lūkini) | Alanui 20, Alanui 35, Alanui 45 | Nā paipu, nā noi kūkulu (Lūkia) |
Hoʻohana:ʻO ka hoʻoili ʻaila a me ke kinoea, ka wai a me ka wai hoʻokahe, nā papahana kūkulu, scaffolding, ke kumu piling, ka wai kaomi kiʻekiʻe, ka hana kemika, ka hana mana, ke kūkulu ʻana, ka ʻenekinia moana, nā paipu paila, nā mea hoʻololi wela, nā superheaters, nā condensers, ka lawelawe mahana haʻahaʻa, nā noi kikoʻī, nā cylinders hydraulic, nā ʻōnaehana paipu wili
6. Kaʻina Hana Hana - Paipu Kila ERW / HFW
Nānā ʻana i nā mea maka:Ua hōʻoia ʻia nā wili kila e hiki mai ana no ka haku mele kemika, nā waiwai mechanical, a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia wili i kahi helu wela kūikawā no ka hiki ke hahai piha ʻia.
Wehe a hoʻohaʻahaʻa:Ua wehe ʻia nā wili a hoʻopālahalaha ʻia e hoʻopalahalaha i ke kaha a wehe i ka hoʻonohonoho wili, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka palahalaha like no ka hoʻokumu mau ʻana.
Wili ʻana a me ka ʻoki ʻana i ka lihi:Ua wili ʻia nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ke kaha i ka ʻae ʻana i ka laulā pololei (± 0.5mm), e hana ana i kahi ʻili maʻemaʻe a like no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka wili kiʻekiʻe.
Hoʻokumu Anu:Hele ke kaha pae ʻia ma o ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōwili e hoʻopololei mālie ana i ke kaha pālahalaha i loko o kahi pūpū paipu cylindrical hāmama.
Kuʻihao Alapine Kiʻekiʻe (HFW/ERW):Hoʻomehana ke au alapine kiʻekiʻe (200-500 kHz) i nā ʻaoʻao pili i ka mahana forging (1,350-1,500°C). E ʻomi i nā ʻōwili e kaomi i nā ʻaoʻao i wela ʻia, e hana ana i kahi wili forged me ka ʻole o ka mea hoʻopihapiha.
Wehe ʻana i nā Bead Weld:Hoʻopau ʻia ke kukui kūloko a me waho e nā pahi scarfing carbide i ka wā e wela ana, e hana ana i kahi ʻili laumania me ka hoʻoikaika liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana.
Ka nui:Hele ka paipu i hoʻopili ʻia ma o nā ʻōwili ana e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻomanawanui OD pololei (± 0.5% a i ± 1.0%). Hoʻopuka nā ʻōwili hou i nā ʻano huinahā/ʻālikelike inā pono.
Ka Lapaʻau Wela (Koho):Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ke hoʻonohonoho maʻamau ma 890-930°C no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ductility a i ʻole ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ke kaumaha, e hana ana i kahi microstructure ferrite-pearlite like.
ʻOki ʻana i ka lōʻihi:Ua ʻoki ʻia ka paipu i nā lōʻihi i kuhikuhi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoki lele me ka mana kikoʻī (± 3mm).
Hoʻāʻo ʻAʻole Luku:
●Hoʻāʻo Ultrasonic (UT):Nānā 100% o ke kuʻi wili a me ke kino paipu no nā laminations, nā inclusions, a me ka nele o ka fusion.
● Hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke au Eddy (ET):Ka nānā mau ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka weld ma ka pūnaewele.
● Hoʻāʻo Hydrostatic:Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia paipu i 95% o SMYS no ka liʻiliʻi he 10 kekona.
Hoʻopau hope:Nā wēlau maʻemaʻe, nā wēlau beveled (30°-35° me ka pae ʻana 1.6mm), a i ʻole nā wēlau wili e like me ka kikoʻī o ka mea kūʻai aku.
Nānā Hope Loa & Māka:Nānā maka, hōʻoia ʻana i nā ana (OD, WT, lōʻihi, pololei), a me ka māka mau loa e like me ke kūlana (papa, nui, helu wela, mea hana).
7. Nā Kaʻina Hana Hoʻomalu a me ka Hoʻāʻo ʻana
| Kahua | ʻAno Nānā | Kumu |
| Mea Maka | Ka Loiloi Kemika (OES Spectrometer) | E hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana me nā palena o ka haku mele ʻana o API 5L |
| Mea Maka | Hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka Tensile | E hōʻoia i ka hua, ka ikaika tensile, ka elongation |
| Ke Kaʻina Hana Nei | Nānā Ana (Micrometers, Calipers) | E nānā i ka OD, WT i ka wā e hoʻokumu ai a me ka nui ʻana |
| ʻĀpana Weld | Hoʻāʻo Ultrasonic (UT) - Ma ka Pūnaewele | ʻIke i nā discontinuities weld, nele o ka fusion |
| ʻĀpana Weld | Hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke au Eddy (ET) - Ma ka Pūnaewele | Ka nānā mau ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ke kuʻi weld |
| ʻĀpana Weld | Hoʻokolokolo Macro o ka Weld Seam | E hōʻoia i ka komo ʻana o ka weld a me ke ʻano fusion |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | Hoʻāʻo Hydrostatic (10 kekona min ma 95% SMYS) | E hōʻoia i ka paʻa o ke kaomi a me ka paʻa o ka leakage |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | Hoʻāʻo Ultrasonic (UT) - Off-Line (Koho) | Nānā laminar kino piha |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | Nānā ʻĀpana Magnetic (MPI) | Ka ʻike ʻana i nā māwae ʻili (weld a me HAZ) |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | Hoʻāʻo hopena Charpy V-Notch | E hōʻoia i ka paʻakikī o ka mahana haʻahaʻa (PSL2) |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | Hoʻāʻo Paʻakikī (HRC / HV10) | E hōʻoia i nā palena paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe loa (lawelawe ʻawaʻawa) |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | Hoʻāʻo Kūlou Alakaʻi (Maka & Aʻa) | E hōʻoia i ka ductility a me ke kūpaʻa o ka weld |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | Hoʻāʻo Hoʻopālahalaha | E hōʻoia i ka ductility a me ke kūpaʻa o ke kino o ka paipu |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | Nānā Ana a me ka ʻIke Maka | E hōʻoia i ka OD, WT, ka lōʻihi, ka pololei, ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili |
| Paipu i hoʻopau ʻia | Ka Hōʻoia ʻana o ka Māka | E hōʻoia i ka māka mau loa no kēlā me kēia API 5L |
Nā Hoʻāʻo ʻē aʻe no ka PSL2 / Sour Service:
● Hoʻāʻo HIC (Haydrogen Induced Cracking) no NACE TM0284
● Hoʻāʻo SSC (Sulfide Stress Cracking) e like me NACE TM0177 Ke ʻAno A
● Hoʻāʻo hopena CVN ma -10°C, -20°C, a i ʻole -46°C
● Hōʻoia Paʻakikī (≤ 22 HRC / ≤ 248 HV10 no ka pale ʻana iā HIC)
Palapala Kūlana:
● Palapala Hoʻāʻo Wili e like me EN 10204 ʻAno 2.2, 3.1, a i ʻole 3.2
● Hōʻike Hoʻāʻo Hydrostatic (paipu-ma-paipu)
● Hōʻike Nānā UT / ET
Ka hiki ke hahai ʻia mai ka helu wela a i ka paipu i hoʻopau ʻia
8. Nā Hoʻohana Kumu ERW Steel Pipe
He mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā paipu ERW i ka hoʻoili ʻaila a me ke kinoea a me nā noi ʻoihana like ʻole:
Hoʻoili ʻaila a me ke kinoea:Nā paipu paipu lōʻihi ma uka a me waho no ka ʻaila maka, ke kinoea kūlohelohe, a me nā huahana ʻaila i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia.
Ka Halihali Wai Kiʻekiʻe-Pressure:Nā laina hoʻokomo wai, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolei wai i hana ʻia, a me ka hoʻoili wai kiʻekiʻe i nā kahua aila a me nā hale hana.
Nā Papahana Paipu Ma Uka:Nā laina hōʻiliʻili ma waena o ka ʻāina, nā laina kumu, a me nā paipu hoʻolaha ma nā kahua aila a me ke kinoea.
Nā ʻōnaehana paipu kai:Nā laina kahe o lalo o ka moana, nā mea hoʻokiʻekiʻe, a me nā paipu hoʻokuʻu aku no nā kahua ma waho o ke kai a me nā hoʻopau ʻana o lalo o ka moana (me nā koho lawelawe PSL2 a me ka sour).
Nā Kaiapuni Lawelawe ʻAwaʻawa:ʻO nā paipu e lawelawe ana i ke kinoea ʻawaʻawa pulu (loaʻa ka H₂S) e pono ai ka PSL2 me nā koi pākuʻi e pili ana i ke kū'ē ʻana o HIC a me SSC e like me nā kūlana NACE.
Ka Hoʻoili ʻana o ka Wai:Nā paipu hoʻolako wai me ke anawaena nui, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoinu wai, a me ka hoʻoili wai maka no ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale a me nā ʻoihana.
Ka Hoʻōla ʻAi Wai a me ka Wai ʻŌpala:Nā paipu hoʻokahe wai, nā paipu hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a me nā ʻōnaehana lawelawe lepo.
Nā Noi Kūkulu ʻOihana:Nā ʻūpā paipu, nā kākoʻo, nā pale, a me nā ʻāpana kūkulu i loko o nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe, nā hale hana petrochemical, a me nā hale ʻoihana.
Nā Hale Hana ʻAila a me ke Kinoea:Nā laina kahe, nā poʻomanaʻo, nā manifolds, a me nā paipu hoʻohui i nā hale hana hana a me nā kikowaena compressor.
EPC & Paipu Mea Hana:ʻO nā paipu hana a me nā pono hana i loko o nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe, nā hale hana hana kinoea, nā hale kemika, a me nā hale hana mana.
9. Hoʻopili a me ka hoʻouna ʻana
Hoʻopili ʻia a hoʻouna ʻia nā paipu ERW me ke akahele loa e hōʻoia i ko lākou palekana i ka wā e lawe ʻia ai. Eia ka wehewehe ʻana o ke kaʻina hana hoʻopili a me ka hoʻouna ʻana:
Pūʻolo:
Uhi Palekana:Ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana, hiki ke uhi ʻia nā paipu me kahi papa lahilahi o ka ʻaila anti-rust a i ʻole ka varnish pale e pale aku i ka palaho o ka ʻili a me ka oxidation i ka wā e mālama ai a me ka lawe ʻana. Loaʻa pū ka hoʻopau ʻōlohelohe no ka hoʻopili koke ʻana i ka wahi i hele ʻia ai.
Hoʻopili ʻana:Hoʻopili pono ʻia nā paipu o nā ana like a me nā kikoʻī i loko o nā puʻupuʻu hexagonal a i ʻole rectangular. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaula kila (maʻamau he 3-5 mau kaula no kēlā me kēia puʻupuʻu) e pale ai i ka neʻe ʻana i loko o ka puʻupuʻu.
Nā Pale Hopena:Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pāpale hopena palaki (PE a i ʻole PP) ma nā wēlau ʻelua o kēlā me kēia paipu e pale i nā wēlau beveled, nā wēlau maʻemaʻe, a me nā pilina wili mai ka pōʻino o ka hopena, ke komo ʻana o nā ʻōpala, a me ka makū.
Ka Hoʻopili ʻana a me ka Cushioning:No nā kauoha hoʻokuʻu aku kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻopaʻa e like me nā apo huʻa a i ʻole nā ʻāpana laholio ma waena o nā papa paipu e pale aku ai i ka ʻānai ʻana a me ka hōʻino ʻana o ka uhi ʻana i ka wā e lawelawe ai.
Nā Pahu Lāʻau a i ʻole nā Pahu:No nā paipu paia lahilahi, nā paipu kikoʻī, a i ʻole nā kauoha uhi kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā paipu i loko o nā pahu lāʻau paʻa a i ʻole nā pahu plywood e hāʻawi i ka palekana i hoʻonui ʻia mai nā mana o waho a me ka lawelawe ʻino.
Hoʻouna ʻana:
ʻAno o ka halihali:Hoʻouna ʻia nā paipu ma o nā moku ipu (20 kapuaʻi/40 kapuaʻi), nā mea lawe nui, a i ʻole ka ukana kaʻaahi ma muli o ka wahi e hele ai, ka nui, a me ka wikiwiki. Loaʻa ka ukana ea no nā hoʻouna laʻana a i ʻole nā hoʻouna manawa koʻikoʻi.
Hoʻokomo ʻana i loko o nā ipu:Nā kauoha liʻiliʻi a waena i hoʻouka ʻia i loko o nā pahu hoʻouna maʻamau, e pale ana i ka ukana mai ka wā, ka makū, a me nā mea haumia o waho i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana.
Hoʻouka ʻana i ka moku nui:ʻO nā kauoha nui (ma ke ʻano maʻamau >200 tons) i hoʻouka pololei ʻia i loko o nā mea lawe ukana nui. ʻO nā kaola hāpai a me nā kaola hohola e pale aku i ka hōʻino; e hoʻopaʻa i ka ukana mai ka neʻe ʻana o ke kai a hoʻopaʻa i ka ukana.
Ka Lepili & Palapala:Ua lepili maopopo ʻia kēlā me kēia pūʻolo me ka papa, ke kūlana, nā ana, ka helu wela, a me nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi lawelawe. ʻO nā palapala piha (bila kūʻai kalepa, papa inoa hoʻopili, bila ukana, Palapala Hoʻomaka, Palapala Hoʻāʻo Hale Wili) i hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻalahi ʻana o nā dute.
Hoʻopaʻa Paʻa:Nā puʻupuʻu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ke kaula kila, nā ʻeke dunnage, a i ʻole ke kākoʻo lāʻau e pale aku ai i ka neʻe ʻana, ka ʻōwili ʻana, a i ʻole ka hōʻino ʻia i ka wā e lawe ʻia ai.
Ka Hahai & ʻInikua:Hāʻawi ʻia nā helu hahai ipu no ka nānā ʻana i ka manawa maoli. Loaʻa ka ʻinikua ukana moana (All Risk a i ʻole Me ka Average) ma ke noi.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hōʻoia ʻo Womic Steel ua hoʻopili ʻia nā paipu ERW Steel āpau me nā hana pale alakaʻi ʻoihana a hoʻouna ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano halihali hilinaʻi e hiki ai i ko lākou wahi i ke kūlana maikaʻi loa. He mea nui nā kaʻina hana hoʻopili a me ka hoʻouna kūpono no ka mālama ʻana i ka pono a me ka maikaʻi o nā huahana i hāʻawi ʻia.
10. Nā Pōmaikaʻi a me nā FAQ o Womic Steel
No ke aha e hui pū ai me Womic Steel?
Hale Kūʻai Hoʻokahi:ʻO ka laulā piha mai nā paipu API 5L ERW a hiki i nā mea hoʻopili paipu OEM e kūlike ana (Elbows, Tees, Reducers, Flanges, Caps) ma nā papa mea kūpono, me ke kila kalapona, ke kila alloy, a me ke kila kila.
Hoʻokō ʻenehana:Nā Palapala Hōʻoia Hoʻāʻo Wili Piha (EN 10204 ʻAno 2.2, 3.1, a i ʻole 3.2) i hāʻawi ʻia me kēlā me kēia ukana, e hōʻike kikoʻī ana i ka haku mele kemika pololei, nā hopena hoʻāʻo mīkini, a me nā hōʻike hoʻokolokolo ʻaʻole luku.
Nā lawelawe waiwai i hoʻohui ʻia:Loaʻa ka beveling hopena (30°-35°), ke kaula ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana, ke kau ʻana i nā pāpale plastik, a me ka uhi anti-corrosion (FBE, 3LPE, 3LPP, Epoxy, Galvanizing) i loko o ka hale a i ʻole ma o nā hale hana hoa kūpono.
Hoʻokūkū Logistics:ʻO ka hui pū ʻana me nā mea hoʻouna ukana honua e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā ipu i hoʻonui ʻia (e hoʻonui ana i ka nui no kēlā me kēia ipu) a me ka hoʻouna ʻana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa me ke kumukūʻai kūpono me nā manawa transit hilinaʻi.
Waihona a me ka Loaʻa:ʻO ka waihona nui o nā nui API 5L X52 maʻamau (2"-24" OD, Papa Kuhikuhi 10-80) e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i nā manawa alakaʻi pōkole a me ka pane wikiwiki i nā koi papahana wikiwiki. Hana ʻia nā nui maʻamau ma ke noi me ka manawa alakaʻi maʻamau o 30-45 mau lā.
Ka Mana Hana ʻAwaʻawa:Ka hiki piha e hoʻolako i nā paipu PSL2 me ka hoʻāʻo HIC a me SSC e like me nā kūlana NACE no nā noi kinoea ʻawaʻawa. Paʻakikī i kāohi ʻia i ≤ 248 HV10 / ≤ 22 HRC.
E koho iā Womic Steel Group ma ke ʻano he hoa hilinaʻi no nā Paipu Kila API 5L X52 ERW kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana hoʻouna lanakila ʻole. Welina mai e nīnau!
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Nā Nīnau i Nīnau Pinepine ʻia (FAQ)
Q: He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o API 5L PSL1 a me PSL2 no nā paipu X52?
A: ʻO PSL1 (Pae Kikoʻī Huahana 1) ka pae maikaʻi maʻamau me nā koi kemika a me nā koi mechanical. Hoʻokau ʻo PSL2 (Pae Kikoʻī Huahana 2) i nā palena koʻikoʻi ma ke kalapona, phosphorus, sulfur, koi i ka lakio yield-to-tensile kiʻekiʻe loa o 0.93, ka hoʻāʻo hopena Charpy mandatory, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻole luku. Pono ʻo PSL2 no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa, ma waho o ka ʻāina, a me nā noi pipeline koʻikoʻi. No X52, koi pū ʻo PSL2 i ka like kalapona haʻahaʻa (CE ≤ 0.43%) no ka hiki ke hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia.
Q: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka paipu API 5L X52 no nā noi kūkulu?
ʻAe. ʻO ka ikaika haʻahaʻa loa o X52 he 360 MPa (52,000 psi) e kūpono ai no nā noi kūkulu he nui e like me nā ʻūpā paipu, nā kolamu kākoʻo, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, a me nā ʻōnaehana kūkulu kaumaha. Eia nō naʻe, no nā noi kūkulu wale nō (ʻaʻohe kaomi), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā koho ASTM A500 GR.B a i ʻole A53 GR.B.
Q: He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ERW a me HFW? ʻO wai ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka paipu X52?
A: Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo ERW (Electric Resistance Welding) a me HFW (High Frequency Welding). Hoʻohana kūikawā ʻo HFW i ke au alapine kiʻekiʻe (maʻamau 200-500 kHz) e hana ana i kahi ʻāpana wela haiki (HAZ) a me ka maikaʻi o ka weld i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ERW haʻahaʻa alapine maʻamau. No API 5L X52, ʻo HFW ke kaʻina hana makemake ʻia no ka mea hāʻawi ia i ka paʻakikī weld maikaʻi a me ka HAZ haiki, pono no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa a me nā noi wela haʻahaʻa.
Q: He aha ke ʻano o ka "lawelawe ʻawaʻawa" a hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolako iā X52 no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa?
A: ʻO ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa e pili ana i nā paipu e lawe ana i ke kinoea pulu i loaʻa ka hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). Ma lalo o kēia mau kūlana, hiki i ke kila maʻamau ke ʻeha i ka Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) a i ʻole Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC). ʻAe, hāʻawi ʻo Womic Steel iā X52 PSL2 me nā koi hoʻohui lawelawe ʻawaʻawa e like me ka API 5L Annex H, me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o HIC (NACE TM0284), ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o SSC (NACE TM0177), a me ka kaohi paʻakikī (≤ 248 HV10 / ≤ 22 HRC).
Q: He aha ka lōʻihi loa i loaʻa no ka paipu API 5L X52 ERW?
A: Hāʻawi mākou i nā paipu ERW i nā lōʻihi paʻa maʻamau a hiki i 12 mika (ma kahi o 40 kapuaʻi) no nā anawaena a hiki i 610mm (24"). No nā anawaena liʻiliʻi (ma lalo o 168mm / 6"), loaʻa nā lōʻihi a hiki i 18 mika (60 kapuaʻi) ma ke noi ʻana. Pono nā lōʻihi lōʻihi no nā papahana kikoʻī i nā kikoʻī kikoʻī a me ka loiloi ʻenekinia.
Q: He aha nā ʻano hoʻopau hopena āu e hāʻawi nei no ka paipu laina X52?
A: Hāʻawi mākou i nā Plain Ends (ʻoki huinaha no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka butt a i ʻole nā hui mechanical), Beveled Ends (30°-35° bevel angle me ka pae ʻana o 1.6mm ±0.8mm no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka butt field), Threaded Ends (API a i ʻole nā wili i kuhikuhi ʻia e ka mea kūʻai aku), a me Coupled Ends (me ke kaula hoʻopili i wili ʻia ma nā wēlau paipu). Loaʻa ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka wēlau maʻamau e hoʻokō i nā koi hoʻonohonoho kikoʻī.
Q: Hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi i ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu no nā paipu API 5L X52?
A: ʻAe. Hoʻokipa mākou a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā nānā ʻana e DNV, BV, SGS, TÜV, ABS, LR, a i ʻole kekahi ʻelele i koho ʻia e ka mea kūʻai aku i ka wā o ka hana ʻana (e hōʻike ana i ka hydrotest, UT, ka nānā ʻana i nā dimensional) a ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana. 3.2 nā palapala hōʻoia nānā i hōʻoia ʻia e nā kino ʻaoʻao ʻekolu i ʻae ʻia e hāʻawi mau ʻia ma ke noi.
Q: Ke hāʻawi nei ʻoe i nā lawelawe ʻoki-a-lōʻihi no ka paipu X52?
A: ʻAe. Hāʻawi mākou i ka ʻoki pololei i nā lōʻihi kikoʻī i kuhikuhi ʻia e ka mea kūʻai aku me nā hoʻomanawanui paʻa (maʻamau ± 3mm) a me nā wēlau maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻohe burr. Hiki ke ukali ʻia ka ʻoki ʻana e ka beveling hopena (no ka wili ʻana) a i ʻole ke kaula ʻana (no nā pilina mechanical) e like me ka mea e pono ai.
Q: He aha nā koho uhi i loaʻa no ka paipu API 5L X52 ERW?
A: Hāʻawi mākou i nā koho uhi like ʻole e pili ana i: FBE (Fusion Bonded Epoxy) - papa hoʻokahi a pālua paha; 3LPE / 3LPP (ʻEkolu Papa Polyethylene / Polypropylene); Coal Tar Epoxy; Liquid Epoxy; Galvanizing (Hot Dip a Electro paha); a me ka uhi ʻeleʻele (lacquer a varnish paha). Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka uhi ʻana ma kā mākou hale hana a i ʻole ma o nā hale hana uhi hoa kūpono me nā palapala hōʻoia kūpono.
Q: He aha ka manawa alakaʻi no API 5L X52 PSL2 me nā koi lawelawe ʻawaʻawa?
A: ʻO ka manawa alakaʻi maʻamau no PSL2 me nā koi lawelawe ʻawaʻawa (me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o HIC a me SSC) ma kahi o 45-60 mau lā mai ka hōʻoia ʻana o ke kauoha, ma muli o ka nui o ke kauoha a me nā koi hoʻāʻo kikoʻī. Loaʻa paha nā kauoha wikiwiki (30-45 mau lā) no nā nui liʻiliʻi. E ʻoluʻolu e kelepona mai iā mākou no nā manawa alakaʻi o kēia manawa e pili ana i kāu mau koi kikoʻī.
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